BIOLOGY LESSON 2

• Nutrients- the chemical substances that organisms need in order to grow and function properly.
• Organic – synthesized within living things and include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins.
• Inorganic – supplied through digestion or from environmental sources which include minerals and water.
• Nutrition - living things obtain raw materials from the environment and transport them into their cells and the process by which organisms obtain nutrients from the food they eat.
• Metabolism - all the chemical activities that an organism performs which include processes such as breaking down of food, moving materials into and out of the cells, and building cells. It also involves energy which is consumed when complex molecules are built, and released when complex molecules are broken down.
• Anabolism - Occur when complex molecules are built using energy
• Catabolism - Energy is obtained from the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.
• Gastrointestinal cavity - The digestive compartment with a single opening found in many animals also aids in digestion as well as in the distribution of nutrients throughout the body.
• Digestion - Occurs in the digestive track or alimentary canal, which begins at the mouth and moves out of the body through the anus and results in the formation of smaller molecules that are able to pass through the lining of the small intestine and enter the bloodstream.
• Digestion - Involves the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids, and lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Tentacle - contains stinging cells used to paralyze its prey
• Inner layer - specialized for releasing digestive enzyme and absorbing nutrients from digested food.
• Epidermis - contains nematocysts (stinging cells)
• Gastrovascular cavity - single opening which serves as mouth and anus
• Gastrovascular cavity - specialized for extracellular digestion
• Earthworm - derive their nutrition from bacteria and fungi
• Earthworm is the first segmented worms to evolve and each segment is controlled by an individual nerve center and contains a specific organ system
• Nerve cord - runs along the underside of the worm and connects the nerve centers with the brain to coordinate all body activities
• Earthworm contains organ systems such as excretory, circulatory, and nervous
• Mollusks - have organ systems for circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, nerve impulse, conduction, and reproduction
• Mollusks contains three body parts such as muscular foot, head, and visceral mass
• Head – contains the mouth, sense organs, and cerebral ganglia
• Visceral mass - contains the heart and the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
• Muscular foot - used in locomotion
• Insects - have a coelom, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages
• Insect's body is divided into three distinct regions: head, thorax, and abdomen
• Insects - have a complex muscular system and wings to quickly move from place to place
• Insects - require a respiratory, nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems to function
• Spiracle - tiny openings on the abdomen and thorax used for breathing
• Echinoderms - have a water-vascular system, which is series of water-filled canals
• Echinoderms - have numerous tube feet that aid in movement, feeding, respiration, and excretion
• Echinoderms - have a nervous system but have no head or brain
• Echinoderms - have no circulatory, respiratory, or excretory systems
• Skin gills - hollow tubes projected from the coelom lining
• Skin gills - site of gas exchange and waste excretion by diffusion
• Gills - composed of tiny filaments which are richly supplied with blood
• Gills - provide a large surface area for the rapid uptake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide
• Fishes - have well-developed sense organs and are able to see
• Fishes - animals with backbones that live in water and usually have paired fins, scales, and gills
• Fishes - Have a closed circulatory system that pumps blood in a single loop from the heart to the gills, to the body, and back to the heart