photosynthesis and cellular respiration

• equation


  CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2 +H20
• light dependent stage location

  thylakoid membrane
• light independent stage location

  stroma
• activation energy


  minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
• cofactors


  non protein components needed for the function and stability of some enzymes
• coenzymes


  cofactors loosely bound to their enzyme only when enzymes is acting on a substrate
• Alcohol fermentation


  A process that occurs without oxygen to produce two molecules of ATP and ethanol
• Aerobic cellular respiration

  Oxygen-requiring process that converts chemical energy into ATP
• Anaerobic cellular respiration


  A process that converts chemical energy into ATP in the absence of oxygen
• ATP


  Adenine triphosphate; common source of chemical energy for cells
• Autotrophs


  Organisms that, when given a source of energy, produce their own food from simple inorganic substances
• Biofuel


  Any fuel source derived from biomass
• Biomass


  The organic material from plants and animals; it is a renewable source of energy
• C3 plants


  Plants that carry out the original Calvin cycle using Rubisco and are prone to photorespiration
• C4 plants


  Plants that carry out an adapted Calvin cycle, in which carbon fixation and glucose production occur in different cells
• Calvin cycle


  Cycle of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis
• CAM plants


  Plants that thrive in arid conditions and have their two stages of the Calvin cycle occurring at different times
• Carbon fixation


  Process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic molecules such as sugars
• Cellular respiration


  Process of converting chemical energy into a useable form by cells, typically ATP
• Chlorophyll


  Green pigment that traps the radiant energy of light
• Chloroplast


  Chlorophyll-containing organelle that is the site of photosynthesis
• CRISPR-Cas9


  A tool for precise and targeted genome editing that uses specific RNA sequences to guide an endonuclease, Cas9, to cut DNA at the required positions
• Cristae


  Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria where the electron transport chain occurs
• Electron transport chain


  1. Third stage of aerobic respiration

  2. High yield of ATP
• Fermentation


  A metabolic process that produces some ATP in the absence of oxygen
• Glycolysis


  1. First stage of cellular respiration

  2. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
• Grana


  Stacks of flattened thylakoids
• Krebs cycle


  1. Second stage of aerobic respiration

  2. Coenzymes are loaded

  3. Carbon dioxide is produced
• Lactic acid fermentation


  A process that occurs without oxygen to produce two molecules of ATP and lactic acid
• Light saturation point


  The point in which increasing the light intensity no longer increases the rate of photosynthesis
• Light-dependent stage


  1. First stage of photosynthesis

  2. Light energy is trapped by chlorophyll
• Light-independent stage


  1. Second stage of photosynthesis

  2. Glucose is produced
• Limiting factor


  Environmental condition that restricts the rate of biochemical reactions in an organism
• Matrix


  The gel-like solution within the mitochondria
• Mitochondria


  Organelles in eukaryotic cells that are the major site of ATP production
• NADPH


  The loaded form of NADP+, which can donate hydrogen and electrons during photosynthesis
• Organic compound


  Any carbon and hydrogen containing compound