unit 1

• Monomers


  Smaller units which can create larger molecules
• Polymers


  Made from lots of monomers which are bonded together
• Examples of monomers


  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Nucleotides
• Examples of polymers


  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
  • Proteins
  • DNA
  • RNA
• Condensation reaction


  1. Joining two molecules together

  2. Creating a chemical bond

  3. Removing water
• Hydrolysis reaction


  1. Breaking of a chemical bond between two molecules

  2. Involves the use of water
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Disaccharides


  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
• Alpha glucose


  Hydrogen atom on top, hydroxyl group on bottom of carbon 1
• Beta glucose


  Hydroxyl group on top, hydrogen atom on bottom of carbon 1
• Glycosidic bond


  Chemical bond that forms between two monosaccharides in a disaccharide
• Maltose


  Glucose + Glucose
• Lactose


  Glucose + Galactose
• Sucrose


  Glucose + Fructose
• Starch


  • Glucose store in plants
  • Alpha glucose monomers
• Cellulose


  • Structural strength in plant cell walls
  • Beta glucose monomers
• Glycogen


  • Glucose store in animals
  • Alpha glucose monomers
  • Branched structure
• Amylose


  • Unbranched polymer in starch
• Amylopectin


  • Branched polymer in starch
• Polysaccharides are large and insoluble, so they don't affect water potential or osmosis
• Cellulose structure


  • Long straight chains
  • Hydrogen bonds between chains
  • Provides strength
• Glycogen


  • More branched than starch
  • Can be more readily hydrolyzed to glucose
• Lipids


  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
• Triglyceride formation


  1. 3 condensation reactions

  2. 3 ester bonds formed

  3. 3 water molecules lost
• Saturated fatty acid


  No double bonds between carbon atoms
• Unsaturated fatty acid


  At least one double bond between carbon atoms
• Triglycerides


  • High ratio of energy-storing C-H bonds
  • Can act as metabolic water source
  • Do not affect water potential
• Phospholipids


  • Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
  • Form bilayer in water
• Structure of amino acids

  • Central carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • R group
  • Amino group
  • Carboxyl group
• Dipeptide formation


  1. Condensation reaction

  2. Peptide bond formed

  3. Water removed
• Polypeptide formation


  Multiple amino acids joined by peptide bonds
• Primary structure


  Order or sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
• Secondary structure


  • Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
  • Held by hydrogen bonds
• Tertiary structure


  • Unique 3D shape
  • Held by ionic, hydrogen and disulfide bonds
• Quaternary structure


  • Protein with more than one polypeptide chain
• Enzyme


  • Protein in tertiary structure that catalyzes reactions
  • Lowers activation energy
• Enzyme active site


  • Complementary in shape to specific substrate
  • Induced fit model - active site changes shape to bind substrate
• Enzymes can only catalyze one particular reaction due to their unique active site shape
• Active site


  Complementary in shape to a particular substrate