Varieties of language (purposive)

• Pidgin -is a new language which develops in situation where speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share a common language
• Examples of pidgin -Nigerian pidgin, Bislama (spoken in varuate)
• Creole - is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children and the mother tounge of a community.
• Examples of creole

  -Gullah

  -Patwa (Jamaican creole)

  -Pidgin (Hawail creole English)
• Regional Dialect -is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country.
• Examples of Regional Dialect

  -Hillbilly English

  -Geordie
• Minority Dialect -is a variety used as a maker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety by the members of a particular minority ethnic group.
• Examples of Minority Dialect

  -African American Vernacular English in the USA

  -London Jamaican in Britain

  -Aboriginal English in Australia.
• Indigenized Varieties - are a spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations.
• Example of Indigenized Varieties

  • singlish
• According to Nordquist 2018, a register is:

  -defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances.

  -factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience.

  -vocabulary, structure, and some grammar in one's writing and even in one's oral discourse.
• Frozen

  • It refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or a prayer.
• Examples of Frozen

  • The holy bible, the united states constitution, the bhagavad Gita, and Romeo and Juliet.
• What are the 5 distinct registers (Nordquist, 2018)

  • Frozen
  • Formal
  • Consultative
  • Casual
  • Intimate
• What are the 5 varieties of language?

  • Pidgin
  • Creole
  • Regional Dialect
  • Minority Dialect
  • Indigenized Varieties
• What are the 5 varieties of language?

  • Pidgin
  • Creole
  • Regional Dialect
  • Minority Dialect
  • Indigenized Varieties
• Formal

  • Is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and retrained. Slang is never used and contractions are rare.
• Examples of Formal

  • a TED talk, a business presentation, the Encyclopedia Brittanica, and Gray's Anatomy by Henry Gray
• Consultative

  • is used in conversation when they are speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles), but may be more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly.
• Examples of consultative

  • the local TV news broadcast, an annual physical examination, a service provider like a plumber
• Casual

  • is used when they are with friends, close acquaintances and co-workers, and family.
• Examples of Casual

  • a birthday party, a backyard BBQ
• Intimate

  • is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in private
• Examples of Intimate

  • an inside joke between two college friends or a word whispered in a lover's ear
• Language registers are classified as:

  • Formal language register
  • Informal language register
  • Neutral language register.
• Formal Language register

  • is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger.
  • is impersonal, meaning, it is not written for a specific person and without emotion.
• Examples of Formal language register

  1. Business letters b. letters of complaint c. some essays d. reports e. official speeches f. announcements g. professional e-mails
• Rules in formal writing:

  • A. Do not use contractions. cannot instead of can't have not instead of haven't is not instead of isn't
• Rules in forma writing:

  B. Spell out numbers less than one hundred. -nineteen -twenty-two -Seventy-eight -twenty -Six
• C. Write in third person point of view.

  avoid using the following:

  
  

  -I

  -you

  -we

  -us
• Rules in formal writing:

  C. Write in third person point of view. avoid using the following: -I -you -we -us
• Rules in formal writing:

  D. Avoid using too much passive verbs. Passive:The bone was eaten by the dog. Active: The dog ate the bone.
• Rules in formal writing:

  E. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration (hyerboles) and clichés. Such as; -awesome/cool -Ok/Okay -check it out
• Rules in formal writing:

  F. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms. - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). - Department of Education (DepEd). - influenza (flu). - Philippine Pesos (PhP).
• Rules in formal writing:

  G. Do not start sentences with words like, and, so, but, also. Here are some good transition words and phrases to use in formal writing: -Nevertheless -However -Additionally -In addition -As a result of - Although
• Rules in formal writing:

  H. Always write in complete sentences. L Write longer, more complex sentences.
• Informal Language Register

  • is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well.
• Examples of Informal language register.

  a.personal e-mails b. phone texts c. short notes d. friendly letters e. most blogs f. diaries and journals
• There are no major rules to informal writing but you can include things such as: a. slangs and cliches b. figurative language c. symbols and abbreviations d. acronyms e. incomplete sentences f. short sentences g. first person, second person POV h. paragraphs or no paragraphs

  i. jokes j. personal opinions k. extra punctuation l. passive and active voice
• Neutral language register

  • is not necessarily formal or informal.
  • is used to deliver facts.