A&P Final

• Types of anatomy


  • Gross anatomy
  • Systemic
  • Regional
  • Integrative approach
• Order of increasing size

  1. Atom

  2. Molecule

  3. Cell

  4. Tissue

  5. Organ

  6. Organ system

  7. Organism
• Macromolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• Water's importance in the body

  Bodily fluids, digestion, urine, sweat, bones & muscle
• Organ


  Collection of tissues
• Organ system


  Collection of organs for one common function
• Types of tissues


  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
• Urinary bladder


  Holds urine in the excretory system
• Urinary system


  Excretory system
• Histopathology


  Study & diagnosis of disease of tissues by microscope examination help diagnose & find causes of disease
• Electrolytes


  • Calcium
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Potassium
  • Phosphate
  • Bicarbonate
  • Magnesium
  • Sulfate
  • Hydronium
• Homeostasis


  The baseline that the body tries to maintain
• Negative feedback


  Activated when the body deviates from the homeostatic baseline to return it to normal
• Components of negative feedback

  • Signal
  • Receptor
  • Controller
  • Effectors
• Controlling systems of the body

  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
• Signal


  What alerts the body that a variable is out of range
• Variable


  The thing that is measured
• Setpoint


  The range of the variable, can change with physiology
• Cooling the body


  1. Hypothalamus signals nervous system to stimulate sweat glands

  2. Evaporative cooling

  3. Radiative cooling
• Heating the body


  Nerve endings sense coldness, stimulate blood vessels to constrict, shut down sweat glands, shivering
• Integumentary system


  • Protective functions: from damage, temperature
  • Functions: protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D regulation, excretion
• Layers of the epidermis

  • Corneum
  • Lucidum
  • Granulosum
  • Spinosum
  • Basale
• Dermis


  Papillary layer (20%), Reticular layer (80%)
• Cutaneous membrane


  Dermis + epidermis, thickest in soles of feet and palms of hands
• Skin is the biggest organ in the body
• Types of hair


  • Terminal
  • Vellus
• Hair follicles


  In the dermis, where hair & nerve ends are wrapped together
• Diaphysis


  Shaft of a long bone
• Epiphysis


  Ends of a long bone
• Epiphyseal plate


  Band of cartilage between long bones (promotes bone growth)
• Epiphyseal line


  Where epiphyseal plates are when we become adults (scar from epiphyseal plate)
• Types of bone marrow

  • Red
  • Yellow
• Cortical bone


  Compact bone
• Spongy bone


  Bone with holes filled with red bone marrow, inside compact bone
• Cancellous bone


  Made up of spongy bone - ends of long bones, ribs, vertebrae, skull
• Trabeculae


  Interconnecting rods within a bone
• Periosteum


  Wraps around bone tissue
• Endosteum


  Inside bone, birthing ground for osteoblast
• Osteon


  Support of bones
• Parts of an osteon

  • Haversian canal
  • Lamella
  • Lacuna
  • Volkman's canal