Motion

• Speed


  rate of change of oustance
• Distance


  6550 unit
• Instantaneous speed


  speed of an object over a very short time interval
• Determining speed


  Analyzing the gradient of a distance-time graph at a given time
• Displacement


  Distance travelled in a given direction, a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction
• Acceleration


  Rate of change of velocity, a vector quantity
• An object is accelerating when its speed is increasing, and decelerating when its speed is decreasing
• An object can also accelerate when its direction of travel changes, such as in circular motion
• Organizing notes with headings, subheadings, and bullet points can improve clarity and accessibility.
• Locity


  • On a group of auspiciament time, a far we represents a crationary ooject
  • A we with constant gradvent represents an agect with cone-trane velocity, and curved ure represents an object that is accelerating or decelerary
• Velocity-time graph


  • The y co-ordinate represents the instantaneous veroary of the object at that tume
  • The gradient of the line at that time represents the acceleration of the clbject
• Velocity-time graph


  1. A line with constant gradient represents an object traveling with constant uelocity

  2. A we with constant gradient represents on objeck that us accelerating at a constant rate, with negative gradient representing negative acceleration

  3. A curve represents an agece with changing acceleration
• Area under velocity-time graph


  Represents the displacement of the object
• Estimation techniques


  Counting grid squares can be used to estimate the area under the graph
• Equations of linear motion


  • v = u + at
  • s = ut + 1/2 at^2
  • v^2 = u^2 + 2as
• These equations can be used for objects travelling with constant acceleration
• In vertical motion, the maximum height is reached when velocity is zero, and acceleration vertically is usually equal to gravity
• Velocity & acceleration must have the correct sign when used in the formula or the results will not be correct
• Techniques used to investigate motion

  1. Using light gates connected to a timer or data logger to measure the time taken for an object to pass between two points of known distance

  2. Suspending an object on a string to minimise the effects of friction and investigate conservation of momentum and energy
• Any object related to the earth will accelerate downwards to the centre of the Earth (as long as there are no external forces acting on it) at the acceleration of free fall, which is approximately 9.81 m/s^2
• Determining the acceleration due to gravity (g)


  1. Using a small electromagnet to hold a steel ball suspended a known distance above a trapdoor, then measuring the time taken for the ball to fall through the trapdoor

  2. Dropping a metal ball and measuring the time taken to fall a known distance
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