Eduquas B Geography

• Slum clearance


  The demolition of slums - often against slum dwellers wishes
• Approximately 50% slum dwellers are given new houses in Vision Mumbai
• Vision Mumbai is a top down $30 billion project
• Vision Mumbai cannot be used as an improvement of slums as the slums are destroyed
• Reasons for increasing car ownership in Mumbai

  • Living on suburbs, commuting to work in the CBD
  • Exponential population growth
• In Mumbai, 15,000 single room factories employ 250,000 people and contribute £700mil to Mumbai's economy annually
• 80% of waste is recycled in Mumbai
• Ways Sydney has tried to become more sustainable

  • Built desalination plants to help with water shortages
  • Building 5-10% of low cost homes to help people afford housing and meet high demands
  • Spending $600mil in improving the railway network including the number of people who can use main station to help with travel congestion
  • Recycling centres to recycle 63% of it's waste and expanded the size of rubbish dumps to cope with extra waste
• Reasons why Sydney is a Global City

  • Many HQ's of MNCs
  • International airport and port
  • Excellent university
  • Major international tourist destinations (eg. Opera House)
• Global city


  Globally important city
• Mega city


  A city with more than 10 million residents
• Push factor


  A reason for leaving a place
• Pull factor


  A reason for moving to a place
• Natural increase


  When more people are born than people who die
• In 1950 there were only 2 mega cities - New York and Tokyo, both in HICs. Now there are 28 mega cities, mainly in Asia - MICs and LICs, with a number also found in Africa and South America
• Problems faced by Sydney

  • Congestion/traffic jams
  • Water shortages due to climate
  • Homelessness and high price of housing
  • Large volume of rubbish
• Sydney is located in south east Australia, 500km from Canberra and 100km from Melbourne, in the New South Wales state, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean
• Mumbai's trains are overcrowded because of informal housing next to railways, the railway systems carry 3 times the amount they were designed for, and overcrowding is due to commuting to work at peak times which is 3 times longer, resulting in 9 people killed each day
• Dharavi is located approximately 1km north of Mumbai's CBD, on marshland, surrounded by two railway lines
• Slum clearance projects like Vision Mumbai may have benefits


  Slums replaced with offices and shops that will create 1000's of jobs and add billions to Mumbai's economy
• Slum clearance projects like Vision Mumbai may cause problems for local residents


  Over 1/2 of residents will not be given a flat, traditional industries in Dharavi destroyed - loss of jobs
• Other problems faced by Mumbai

  • Lack of formal jobs
  • Poor air quality
  • High traffic congestion
  • Wide spread poverty
• Ways Mumbai is trying to improve its transport system


  • Roads have been widened and new roads built
  • Built new railway and invested in new trains increasing the amount of people who can be transported by 30%
  • 100,000 people in slums have been re-homes to allow for infrastructure improvements
  • Flexible hours
• Mumbai is located on the west coast of India next to the Arabian Sea
• Mumbai is considered a global city due to the location of many regional HQs of MNCs, including banks like Tata Steel, its major airports and port with 40% international flights landing there - making it a major trading centre, and its universities
• Push factors that have led to Mumbai's growth

  • Drought
  • Lack of employment
  • Lack of education
  • Lack of safe water
  • Power supply issues in shanty towns
• Pull factors that have led to Mumbai's growth

  • Better access to health, education, water etc.
  • Jobs (especially in secondary no tertiary sectors)
  • Cheap accommodation to low skilled workers
• Traffic is a major problem in Mumbai due to narrow roads, rapidly increasing car ownership, and richer people increasingly living on suburbs of the city
• Mumbai train's are overcrowded due to the old railways network and the Mumbai CBD being on an island so there are limited rail lines/bridges
• Ways living in Dharavi affects people's quality of life


  • Lack of sanitation eg; 500 people sharing one toilet
  • Lack of access to clean water; queue for a limited water supply, open sewers and water pipes
  • Air pollution; human health conditions like asthma
  • Lack of legal rights; no legal rights to the land and lack of security and privacy
• Micro-credit has helped improve people's lives in Dharavi by allowing them to use loans to pay for education and business set up, enabling them to earn more money and afford better food/clothing/housing/education, and have a positive multiplier effect on the local community
• Improvements to Mumbai's transport system

  • Demolish informal housing next to trainlines
  • Increase platform length
  • Improve carriage ventilation
  • Prevent "roof" transit
  • Improve toilet facilities
  • Encourage "flexi hours" to mitigate rush hour (efficient mass transport)
• Urbanisation


  The process of cities or towns expanding and getting bigger
• Sub-urbanisation


  Suburbs on the outer edge of settlements grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people
• Counter-urbanisation


  The population of a village increases due to people migration from urban areas (may be due to commuter settlements)
• Infill


  Building within unused land within existing development patterns (typically in urban areas)
• Effects of rural depopulation


  • Population decreases so shops close, schools close, doctors close. This means that more young people leave so the population becomes older
• Effects of counter-urbanisation


  • House process increase so local people pushed out, schools/doctors can't cope with increased population. New clubs open, higher traffic congestion due to commuting from sleeper settlements, increase air/traffic pollution, houses built on greenfield sites so loss of habitat and farmland
• Summertown is a zone of affluence with high end shops (M&S), low unemployment rates of 1.6%, houses are owner occupied with expensive prices of 1.6mil, good education and degrees with only 4% no qualifications
• Blackbird Leys is a zone of deprivation with few small local shops 30 minutes bus to CBD, highest unemployment rate, 36% no qualifications, ex council estate with over 50% housing rented from council or social housing