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• IgG


  Produced in secondary responses
• IgA


  In external secretions
• IgE


  Target gut parasites and are associated with allergic responses
• IgM


  Associated with primary responses
• IgD


  Appear on the surface of B cells, role unclear
• Follicular


  Steady FSH, one follicle develops
• Ovulation


  Follicle ruptures and releases oocyte, high LH and estrogen release
• Luteal


  High progesterone for maintaining uterine lining
• Menses


  Shedding uterine lining
• Proliferative


  Increasing estrogen to rebuild lining
• Secretory


  Prepared to hold egg for pregnancy
• Ovarian cycle


  • Follicular
  • Ovulation
  • Luteal
• Uterine cycle


  • Menses
  • Proliferation
  • Secretory
• Basophils and mast cells


  Release inflammatory chemicals (humoral)
• Neutrophils


  Ingest and destroy pathogens (cell mediated)
• Eosinophils


  Ingest antibody coated pathogens (cell mediated)
• Monocytes and macrophages


  Ingest and destroy; antigen presentation to T cells (cell mediated)
• Lymphocytes


  Mainly acquired
• Dendritic cells


  Recognize pathogens and activate other immune cells via antigen presentation
• Mucus


  Physical barrier over epithelium
• Bicarbonate


  Buffer gastric acid to prevent damage
• Gastric acid (HCL)


  Kills bacteria, activates pepsin
• Intrinsic factor


  Complexes with vitamin B12 to aid absorption
• Histamine


  Stimulates gastric acid secretion
• Pepsin


  Digests protein
• Gastric lipase


  Digests fats
• Somatostatin


  Inhibits gastric acid secretion
• Gastrin


  Stimulates gastric acid secretion
• Stomach cell types


  • Mucous neck cell
  • Parietal cell
  • Enterochromaffin-like cells
  • Chief cells
  • D cells
  • G cells
• Plasma B cells


  Secrete antibodies (humoral)
• Memory B cells


  Wait to respond to same antigen later (humoral)
• Cytotoxic T cells


  Attack and destroy cells that display MHC-I antigen complexes (cell mediated)
• Helper T cells


  Secrete cytokines, bind to and activate B cells (humoral)
• NK cells


  Kill tumor cells (cell mediated)
• Active acquired immunity


  Body exposed to pathogen and produces its own antigens
• Passive acquired immunity


  Acquire antibodies from another organism
• Spermiogenesis

  • flagellum and neck added to sperm cells
• Leydig cells

  • produce testosterone
• Sertoli cells

  • nurture sperm with nutrients and oxygen from blood
• SALT

  • sertoli cells —> AMH
  • Leydig cells —> testosterone