Anatomy and physiology

• Anatomy


  The study of body parts
• Physiology


  The study of how body parts function
• Pulmonary Circulation


  Circulation from heart to lungs and back again
• Systemic Circulation


  Circulation from heart around the body
• Benign tumors


  • Slow growth, does not spread, not life threatening
• Malignant tumors


  • Fast growth, can spread by lymph and blood, can be life threatening
• Lysosome


  Contains digestive enzymes which destroy worn out parts of the cell and bacteria
• Lysozyme


  Contains digestive enzymes which destroy worn out parts of the cell and bacteria
• Lybagy


  An antibacterial enzyme present in saliva and tears that destroys bacteria
• Epidermis


  • The outer layer of skin that provides a waterproof barrier and contributes to melanin
• Dermis


  • The layer beneath the epidermis that contains connective tissue
• Cardiac Muscle


  • Treated and involuntary, only found in the heart, controlled by the autonomic nervous system
• Smooth Muscle


  • Non-striated and involuntary, found within the walls of organs, controlled by the autonomic nervous system
• Types of epithelium


  • Stratified squamous (skin)
  • Simple cuboidal (kidneys)
  • Columnar (nose)
  • Simple squamous (alveoli, lungs)
  • Simple columnar (stomach)
• Diabetes insipidus is due to a lack of ADH
• Bones in the axial skeleton

  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
• Cerebrum


  • The largest part of the brain, responsible for learning, memory, initiating and coordinating movement, regulating temperature, controlling mental activity, speech, thinking and understanding
• The thoracic duct drains lymph from the body before entering the left subclavian vein
• Arteries


  Carry oxygenated blood, have high pressure, thick muscular walls, have a pulse, and carry blood away from the heart
• Veins


  Carry deoxygenated blood, have low pressure, small muscular walls, have no pulse, and carry blood towards the heart
• Functions of reproductive organs

  • Ovaries secrete hormones and store eggs
  • Testes produce sperm and testosterone
  • Vagina is the passageway for intercourse and menstrual blood
  • Uterus houses and nourishes a fertilized egg during pregnancy
  • Epididymis stores and matures sperm cells
  • Vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra
  • Fallopian tubes transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and provide a site for fertilization
• Digestive enzymes and their products

  • Lactase - lactose
  • Sucrase - sucrose
  • Lipase - fatty acids and glycerol
  • Trypsin - amino acids
• The main parts of the stomach are the fundus, body/middle and pylorus. The gastric glands in the stomach wall produce the enzyme pepsin which digests protein. The stomach is acidic due to the presence of hydrochloric acid.
• Organizing notes with headings, subheadings, and bullet points can improve clarity and accessibility.
• Cartilaginous joints


  A type of joint where the bones are connected by Cartilage
• Cartilaginous joints


  • Allow for slight movement and provide stability to the skeletal System
  • e.g. pubic symphsis
• Flow of blood in the heart

  1. Pulmonary

  2. Lungs

  3. Pulmonary Veins

  4. Left Atrium

  5. Bicuspid Valve

  6. Left Ventricle

  7. Aorta

  8. Body
• When blood pressure increases

  • Baroreceptors detect the change and send signals to the medulla oblongata in the brain
  • The medulla oblongata then helps regulate blood pressure
• Excretory organs


  • Lungs-CO2
  • Skin-Sweat
  • Kidney-Urine
• Nerve endings are sensitive to stretch
• Nerve impulses go to cerebral cortex
• Voluntary inhibition of reflex
• Bladder has internal and external urethral sphincters
• Blood


  Regarded as a connective tissue because it circulates throughout the body, carrying different materials and gases from one part of the body to another
• Phagocytes


  • Types of immune cells that can surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells
• Active immunity


  Immunity your body develops from making antibodies on its own
• Passive immunity


  Immunity you are given, such as antibodies from a mother to a newborn or from an injection
• Active immunity


  • Strep throat, polio
• Passive immunity


  • Newborn receiving antibodies from mother, injection