tectonic hazards

• Name the four layers of the earth


  inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
• what are continental plates?


  Plates with land on top
• What are oceanic plates?


  Plates with oceans on top
• What is a plate margin?


  The boundary where two plates meet
• what do tectonic plates move according to?

  convection currents in the mantle
• what are constructive plate margins?

  where two plates are moving away from each other
• what are conservative plate margins?

  where two plates are moving sideways past each other
• what are destructive plate margins?

  where two plates are moving towards each other
• Where can volcanoes occur?

  -on destructive and constructive plate boundaries
• how do destructive plate boundaries' create volcanoes?

  -denser oceanic plate moves down into mantle

  -friction and pressure causes vents to form in continental plate

  -this rises the magma to the surface through the cracks
• what sort of volcano do destructive plate boundaries form

  -usually very explosive volcanoes

  -which produce lots of gas and lava
• how do constructive plate boundaries cause volcanoes?

  -magma rises between gap of plates moving apart and creates volcano
• what are hotspots?


  -Hotspots are areas in the middle of tectonic plates or near plate boundaries where the mantle is much hotter than the surrounding mantle.
• what erupts out of a volcano when it erupts?

  -emits lava,gases and ash
• What are pyroclastic flows?


  Super-heated currents of gas, ash and rock that are extremely fast and dangerous
• what are primary effects of volcanoes?

  suffocation

  crop and livestock death

  damaged buildings

  human deaths
• what are secondary effects of volcanoes?

  volcanic winter

  lost forests and farmland

  flooding and tsunamis

  economic damage
• what are immediate responses to volcanic eruption?

  -evacuation

  -temporary infrastructure

  -aid

  -warning and monitoring
• what are some long term responses to a volcanic eruptions?


  -relocation

  -rebuilding infrastructure

  -improved local economy
• Where can earthquakes occur?

  all plate boundaries
• what are earthquakes caused by?

  The tension that builds up at all three types of plate margin
• how do earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries?

  -tension builds up when plates sliding past each other get stuck
• how do earthquakes occur at destructive plate boundaries?

  -oceanic plate can get stuck as it slides under continental plate which causes pressure to build
• how do earthquakes occur at constructive plate boundaries?

  -tension builds along cracks in plates as they move away from eachother
• what is the epicentre of a earthquake?


  the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus
• what is the focus of a earthquake?

  The point in the earth where the earthquake starts
• what are the seismic waves of a earthquake?

  energy released from focus in waves
• What does the moment magnitude scale measure?

  the amount of energy released by an earthquake
• what are immediate responses to earthquakes?

  -aid

  -evacuations and warnings

  -temporary infrastructure

  -rescue ops
• what are long term responses to earthquakes?

  Improve preparation;

  improve local economy

  rebuild buildings

  infrastructure.
• how can the impacts of tectonic hazarzs be reduced?

  -monitoring and prediction

  -protection and planning
• how can monitoring reduce the effects of earthquakes?

  -seismometers and lasers monitor earth movements and can be used as early warning systems
• how can monitoring reduce the effects of volcanic eruptions?

  -scientists can monitor the tell tale signs that come before a eruptions such as tiny eruptions and escaping gas
• how can prediction reduce the effects of earthquakes?

  -cannot be reliably predicted

  -scientists can forecast when they may occur by tectonic plate movement
• how can prediction reduce the effects of volcanic eruptions?

  -can be predicted if volcano monitored closely
• how can protection reduce the effects of earthquakes?

  -new buildings use reinforced concrete to absorb earthquakes energy

  -bridges can be strengthened with steel frames

  -auto shut off systems can turn of electric to prevent fires
• how can protection reduce the effects of volcanic eruptions?

  --buildings strengthened so less likely to collapse under ash weight
• how can planning reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?

  -avoid high risk areas

  =peoples educated on what to do in emergency

  -gov plan evacuation routes to get people away quickly and safely

  -emergency supplies like blankets,water foo stockpiled
• what are strategies used to reduce hazards in HICs?

  -earthquake proof buildings

  -earthquake drills

  -auto switches which turn of gas and electric
• what are some strategies used to reduce hazards in LICs?

  -lighter roof materials

  -bamboo rods in walls