APWH: Unit 5

• The Enlightenment


  17th and 18th centuries - humankind in relation to government,, everyone started using their brains frls!!
• Divine Right


  Church allied with strong monarchs, monarchs believed they were ordained by God to rule - people had moral/religious obligation too obey
• Mandate of Heaven in China


  Had to rule justly to be appreciated in heaven
• Social contract


  Governments not formed by divine decree, but to meet social and economic needs
• Philosophers of the age

  • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
  • John Locke (1632-1704)
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
  • Voltaire (1694-1778)
  • Montesquieu (1689-1775)
  • David Hume (1711-1776)
  • Adam Smith (1723-1790)
  • Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
  • Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
  • Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
• Thomas Hobbes


  Government should preserve peace/stability - all powerful rule who ruled heavy-handed
• John Locke


  Men are all born equal, mankind is good and rational - primary role of government was to secure and guarantee natural rights and revolting is justified if not
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau


  All men are equal, society organized according to general will of people - government is protection by community and both being free
• Voltaire


  Supported the idea of religious toleration
• Montesquieu

  Separation of powers among branches of government
• David Hume


  Lack of empirical evidence casts doubt on religion
• Adam Smith


  An "invisible hand" will regulate economy if it is left alone
• Mary Wollstonecraft


  Women should have political rights, including voting and holding office
• Immanuel Kant


  Knowledge exists beyond what is deduced from use of only observation or only reason
• Cesare Beccaria


  Criminals retain some rights and state should not practice cruel punishment
• Enlightened monarchs

  Utilized ideas of tolerance, justice, improving quality of life
• Neoclassical Period

  Middle of 18th century - imitated style of ancient Greek/Roman architecture
• American Revolution


  British defeated France over American territory.. Americans did not like British rule and wanted independence
• British laws passed on behalf of Crown for the American colonizers

  • Revenue Act (1764)
  • Stamp Act (1765)
  • Tea Act (1773)
• Boston Tea Party (1773)


  Colonists dumping imported tea in harbour to protest Tea Act
• Thomas Paine


  Wrote Common Sense, encouraging colonizers to form a better government than the monarchy
• 6 months after Common Sense

  The Declaration of Independence was signed
• France joined forces with Americans in 1777 and defeated the British in 1781 and the American democracy was created
• French Revolution


  France was running out of money from monarch spending, wars, and droughts - Louis XVI proposed raising taxes to the Estates-General (governing body infrequently called by the kings)
• Estates-General


  • First Estate: clergy
  • Second Estate: noble families
  • Third Estate: everyone else
• Third Estate


  Facing being shut out of new constitution - formed National Assembly in 1789 out of protest and peasants stormed the Bastille shortly after
• Declaration of the Rights of Man


  Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 and caused big changes in French government structure
• Constitutional monarchy


  Established at first, but new constitution development led to the Convention being the new ruling body - France become a republic (led by Jacobins who later beheaded the king)
• Committee of Public Safety

  Enforcer of revolution and murdered any anti-revolution people
• Napoleon Bonaparte


  One of the generals who helped build up the French military
• Napoleon


  Overthrew the Directory in 1799 - Napoleonic Codes (1804) recognized equality of men, dissolved the Holy Roman Empire with French military and fought other countries who eventually met to overthrow him (Prince von Metternich, Alexander I of Russia, Duke of Wellington)
• Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in 1813 and the Congress of Vienna met to discuss what to do with France</b>
• Congress of Vienna


  Tried to erase French Revolution and maintain balance of power among European powers
• Haiti


  France enslaved many Haitians, who eventually revolted successfully, led by Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jacques Dessalines, a former slave, who became governor-general in 1804
• South America


  Napoleon invaded Spain and appointed his brother Joseph Bonaparte to the throne - Colonists ejected French governor and appointed own leader in Venezuela, Simón Bolívar, who eventually helped them declare independence from Spain in 1811. José de San Martin also took command of Argentinian, Chilean, Peruvian armies, and defeated many Spanish forces to also declare independence from Spain.
• Brazil


  John VI of Portugal fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal - His son Pedro became the emperor of Brazil and declared it independent with a constitution. His son Pedro II later abolished slavery.
• Mexico


  Priest Miguel Hidalgo led a revolt against Spanish rule in 1810, who was later killed by them. Jose Morelos picked up where he left off. Independence achieved in 1821 - Treaty of Cordoba: Spain recognizing their 300-year-old control of Latin America was ending.
• Neocolonialism


  Independent nations still controlled by economic and political interests. Riches accumulated often stayed within wealthy landowning class.
• Mexican Revolution


  Protest of neocolonialism - rejection of Porfirio Diaz's dictatorship to protest impoverished conditions.
• Other resistance movements


  • Peru: Tupac Amaru II led a revolt against Spanish occupiers

  West Africa: Samory Toure led resistance against French colonizers

  US: Sioux resisted the US government invading their land

  Sudan: Muhammad Ahdam led Mahadists in a revolt against colonial rule of Egypt