anatomy skeletal

• Anatomy


  The identification and description of the structures of the body. It is a branch of biology and medicine.
• Fundamental sciences


  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
• Anatomy


  Essential to recognize what is normal and then what is not normal in order to give the good cure
• Parts of anatomy


  • Microscopic anatomy (histology)
  • Gross or macroscopic anatomy
  • Developmental anatomy (embryology)
  • Genetic
• New vocabulary, new terminology
• There are a total of 206 bones in the adult human body

  
• Divisions of the skeletal system

  • Axial skeleton (80 bones)
  • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

  
• The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments

  
• Parts of the skeletal system

  • Bones (skeleton)
  • Joints
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments

  
• Bones


  • Support muscle, fat and skin
  • Surround vital organs like skull, ribs, pelvis
  • Muscles attach to bones to provide movement
  • Store and maintain minerals (Calcium & phosphorus)
  • Red bone marrow produces Red and white blood cells and platelets
  • Yellow bone marrow stores fat

  
• Types of bones


  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones

  
• Long bones


  They consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities. They are primarily compact bone but may have a large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities.

  
• Short bones


  Roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal. They consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone.

  
• Flat bones


  Thin, flattened, and usually curved.

  
• Irregular bones

  Bones that are not in any of the above three categories.

  
• Diaphysis

  Shaft of a long bone, composed of compact bone.

  
• Epiphysis

  Ends of a long bone, composed mostly of spongy bone.

  
• Anatomical position


  Standing upright and facing forward, arms straight, hands held by the hips with palms facing forward, feet together and parallel, toes pointing forward.
• Parts of the axial skeleton

  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Bony thorax

  
• Bones of the cranium

  • Frontal
  • Occipital
  • Parietal (2)
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Temporal (2)

  
• Bones of the facial skeleton

  • Zygomatic (2)
  • Lacrimal (2)
  • Nasal (2)
  • Inferior nasal conchae (2)
  • Palatine (2)
  • Maxilla (2)
  • Vomer
  • Mandible

  
• Immovable joints called sutures fuse most of the skull bones together

  
• Skull and facial bones

  • Provide attachment for muscles that move various parts of the head
  • Provide attachment for muscles that produce facial expressions
  • Form the framework of the face and provide support for the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems

  
• Hyoid bone


  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone, serves as a moveable base for the tongue, helps to keep the larynx (voice box) open at all times

  
• Vertebral column

  Also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column, composed of a series of bones called vertebrae
• Regions of the vertebral column

  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae
  • 1 sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae)
  • 1 coccyx (4 fused coccygeal vertebrae)

  
• Vertebral column


  • Curved to varying degrees in different locations to increase the column strength, help maintain balance in the upright position, and absorb shocks during walking
  • Intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae permit various movements of the vertebral column and absorb vertical shocks
• Components of the thoracic cage

  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Costal cartilages
  • Thoracic vertebrae
• Sternum


  "Breastbone" located in the center of the thoracic wall, consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
• Ribs

  Twelve pairs of ribs give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity, divided into true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs
• Costal cartilages


  Contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage
• Components of the appendicular skeleton

  • Limbs (appendages)
  • Pectoral girdle
  • Pelvic girdle

  
• Scapula

  A flat, triangular-shaped bone that articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint, and with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint. It has three angles, three borders, and two surfaces.

  
• Clavicle

  Extends between the sternum (medial end) and the acromion of the scapula (lateral end), serves as a connection between the axial and appendicular skeleton, a slender bone with an 'S' shape

  
• Humerus

  The longest and largest bone of the upper limb, defines the human brachium (arm), proximal end articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula, distal end articulates with the radius and ulna

  
• Anatomical features of the proximal humerus

  • Head
  • Anatomical neck
  • Surgical neck
  • Greater and lesser tuberosity
  • Intertubercular sulcus

  
• Distal humerus

  • Condyle composed of the trochlea, capitulum, olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae, lateral and medial epicondyles
• Ulna

  One of the two forearm long bones, spans from the elbow to the wrist on the medial side of the forearm, proximal end articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
• Anatomical features of the proximal ulna

  • Olecranon
  • Coronoid process
  • Trochlear notch
  • Radial notch
• Radius

  One of two long bones that make up the human antebrachium, lies laterally and parallel to ulna, proximal end articulates in both the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints