AFR 210 final

• Social Contract


  Used for freedom, everyone has a mutual agreement about laws, breaking this means you understand it
• Dred Scott ruling


  United States Supreme Court held that the US Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of color
• How did reconstruction change the US Constitution?

  The 13,14,15 amendments were added
• Civil Rights Act of 1875


  states can be in violation of the 14th amendment but individuals cannot, its supposed to guarantee all citizens accommodations, individuals can discriminate but states cannot
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)


  after white redemption, separate but equal doctrine and Plessy claimed that 14th amendment was being violated, but the supreme court told him that no it was not because he was separate but also equal
• Disfranchisement


  south carolina 8 box rule(confusing people), grandfather clause, poll taxes/literacy test
• Ida B. Wells


  African-American journalist who led the fight against lynching
• NAACP


  voting, equality for accommodations, fair trial, stop lynching, keep public informed, fair labor
• Proximity to whiteness


  being white is the standard, being white is the opposite of shameful, no label for whiteness, other groups of people are held up to the white standard
• Scottsboro Boys


  national movement, right to legal counsel, all-white juries unconstitutional, in happened in 1931 after great depression
• The national fable of civil rights

  over glorification, ties everything together, gives villains and hero's
• Double-V Campaign


  democracy at home and abroad, this was during WW2
• March on Washington Movement (1943)


  it is a nonviolating disruptance and using social contract and war to amplify the want for civil rights
• UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights


  This document was after WW2 and this shows how black Americans do not have any basic human rights and the audience of other countries can see how the US treats black Americans
• Precedents to Brown Ruling

  Gaines v. Canada, Sipuel v. Oklahoma, McLaurin v. Ok, Sweatt v. Painter
• Brown v Board of Education 1 (1954)


  Race based school segregation violates the 14th amendment equal protection clause
• Brown v Board of Education II (1955)


  with all deliberate speed; slows down desegregation
• Southern Manifesto


  The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.
• Smith v. Allwright (1944)


  States cannot restrict voters on account of race; violation of 15th
• Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)

  could not enforce real estate restriction on account of race; violates 24
• Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1946)


  ruled that Virginias state law enforcing racial segregation on interstate buses was unconstitutional; violates 14
• Nonviolent direct action, strategic nonviolence


  Does not work unless there's racist white people there who are violent
• Ella Baker


  It gives direction that students keep away from adults and student maintain control
• Diane Nash


  was an African-American woman who was very involved in the civil rights movement, including the SCLC and the founding of SNCC. She was involved in planning the Freedom Rides; bailed after the riders encountered severe violence, refusing to quit in the face of adversity.
• SNCC


  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: better than SCLC because it is group-centered; gets stuff done; moves really fast; very little patience
• Freedom Rides


  a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961
• Robert F. Williams


  negroes with guns; he upset normalcy of the community; carried a 45 w/ him
• Macomb Movement


  failed; nothing worked even sit-ins, 1 killed, many arrested, small town did not give enough media
• Children's Crusade


  Birmingham protests; children will make more news coverage, max out jail cells, gives them the look they wanted
• John Lewis


  student leader of SNCC who organized sit-ins, spoke in Washington, & marched in Selma
• Civil Rights Act of 1964


  ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
• Freedom Summer


  Brings America to Mississippi because the country was not paying attention; bringing in students and that gets their parents watching; has 3 components- voter registration, freedom schools, MS Freedom Democratic Party
• 24th Amendment


  got rid of poll taxes
• Voting Rights Act


  Section 5 is the most important because of pre-clearance
• Discriminatory Intent


  Impossible to prove the intent; government action was based in part on a discriminatory motive
• Disparate Impact


  will affect different populations differently/ effect/ not the same access
• Watts Riot


  Neighborhood in LA; first of many riots between police and residents
• The Negro Invasion


  This was the period of time when massive amounts of black folks moved into white neighborhoods, and this caused the "white fright" making them move away and creating the dangerous black neighbor narrative
• Redlining


  discriminatory practice which banks, insurance, refuse or limit loans, mortgages, within a specific geographic areas
• Fair Housing Act of 1968

  It makes racial redlining illegal: eliminates discrimination in housing-related transactions