T1 As level biology-biological molecules

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

  A molecule that acts as the energy currency of cells formed from a molecule of ribose, a molecule of adenine and three phosphate groups.
• Amino acids

  The monomers containing an amino group (NH2 ), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a variable R group that make up proteins.
• Benedict's test

  A biochemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present.
• biuret test

  A biochemical test that produces a purple solution in the presence of protein.
• cellulose

  A polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers that is used as a structural polysaccharide which provides strength to plant cell walls
• condensation reaction


  A type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):


  An information storing molecule made up of deoxyribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds to form a double helix.
• Dipeptide


  Molecules formed by the condensation of two amino acids.
• disaccaride


  Molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides
• DNA helicase

  An enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands in the DNA molecule that is going to be replicated.
• DNA polymerase


  An enzyme that catalyses the condensation reactions between the new nucleotides in the synthesis of the new DNA strand.
• enzyme


  A protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst and increases the rate of biochemical reactions.
• Glycogen


  A highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals.
• glycosidic bond

  : A bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction
• heat capacity


  The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount.
• Hydrolysis


  Breaking a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of a water molecule.
• induced fit model


  A model of enzyme action that describes how enzymes undergo subtle conformational changes to better fit the substrate.
• iodine test


  A biochemical test used to test for the presence of starch.
• lactose


  A disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.
• latent heat


  The amount of energy needed for a substance to change state
• lipid emulsion test

  A biochemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed on lipids.
• maltose


  A disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules
• Metabolite

  A molecule formed or used in metabolic reactions.
• Monomers


  The smaller units from which larger molecules are made
• monosaccaride


  The individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
• Phospholipid


  A type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group.
• polymers

  Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together
• Polypeptide


  Molecules formed by the condensation of many amino acids
• Polysaccharides


  Molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides.
• primary structure


  The individual sequence of amino acids in a protein
• Quaternary structure


  A structure only applicable to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains that describes the interactions of the different chains
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)


  A relatively short molecule made up of ribonucleotide monomers joined by phosphodiester bonds.
• secondary structure


  The local interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain
• Semi conservative replication


  The production of two daughter DNA molecules from one DNA molecule which both contain one original DNA strand and one newly synthesised strand
• solvent


  A substance which other solutes are dissolved in.
• Starch


  A polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in plants.
• Sucrose


  A disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.
• tertiary structure


  The way that the whole protein folds to make a three dimensional structure.
• Triglycerides


  A type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.