external

• linguistic skills


  • students with english as second language disadvantaged
• berelter + englemann


  • language spoken by low income black family is inadequate for success
• attitudes + values 


  • black parents don’t value education
  • asian families have more support
• sugarman


  • black socialised into ‘live for today’
• family structure


  • dysfunctional families offer no support
• murray


  • blames single parent families
  • lack of role models
• material deprivation 


  • single parents
  • lack of resources
• palmer


  • ethnic minorities more likely to be deprived
• racism 


  • social exclusion
• woods et al 


  • 1 in 16 ethnic minorities offered job interview