external

• poor literacy skills


  • boys more likely to spend time outside
• mitsos + browne


  • reading feminised
  • mothers unlikely to read to sons
• decline in traditional jobs

  • deindustrialisation
• mitsos + browne


  • leads to crisis of masculinity
• unrealistic expectations


  • failures to bad luck
  • aspirations require few qualifications
• francis


  • boys likely to have unrealistic career goals