Biochem lec m1 & m2

• true or false. biochemistry brings together biology and chemistry that uses chemical knowledge and techniques to understand and solve biological problems.

  True
• Biochemistry focuses on processes happening at a molecular level to understand how the structure of a molecule relates to its ____ and to predict how molecules will ______.


  Function, interact
• It focuses on what is happening inside the cells, studying components like _____, _____, _______, nucleic acids, and organelles

  proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
• _______ is a description of life at the molecular level that includes a description of all the complex interrelated chemical changes within the cell called ________

  Biochemistry, metabolism
• These are organic catalysts that act on these chemical changes wherein their existence depends on the genetic apparatus of the cell

  Enzymes
• it is the most abundant molecule in cells, accounting for 70% or more of total cell mass.

  water
• it is a polar molecule with the hydrogen atoms having a slight positive charge and the oxygen with a slight negative charge. 

  water
• what do you call a molar molecules that are readily soluble in water

  hydrophilic
• true or false. non polar molecules tend to maximize their contact with water by associating closely with each other instead.

  false - minimize
• it is needed to form bonds between atoms, and energy is released when bonds break. 

  energy
• it represents a broad group of substances that include sugars, starches, gums, and celluloses. 

  carbohydrates
• common attributes of carbohydrates are they contain only the elements ______, _____, ______.

  carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• The formulas of many carbohydrates can be written as

  Cn(H2O)n
• true or false. carbohydrates are glucose or ether derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols.

  aldehyde or ketone 
• it is the most important carbohydrate

  glucose
• It is the precursor for the synthesis of all the other carbohydrates in the body.

  glucose
• it is called sugars and starches, are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or compounds that can be hydrolyzed to them.


  carbohydrates
• what are the other carbohydrates that the human body doesn't digest, including insoluble fiber,

  cellulose from plants and chitin from insects and other arthropods.
• true or false. Sugars and starches provide sucrose, the main energy source for the body.


  False - glucose
• Glucose energy is stored as _____, with the majority of it in the muscle and liver.

  glycogen
• what is the primary role of carbohydrates?

  supply energy to all cells in the body. 
• What are the three major classes of carbohydrates

  monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• it is formed by only one polyhydroxy aldehydic or ketonic unit.

  monosaccharides
• _______ are formed by short chains of monosaccharide units (from 2 to 20) linked one to the next by chemical bonds, called glycosidic bonds.

  Oligosaccharides
• _______ are polymers consisting of 20 to 107monosaccharide units; they differ each other for the monosaccharides recurring in the structure, for the length and the degree of branching of chains or for the type of links between units

  polysaccharides
• ________ if they contain only one type of monosaccharide as starch, glycogen, and chitin;

  Homopolysaccharides
• it contain two or more different kinds monosaccharide as starch, glycogen, and chitin


  heteropolysaccharides
• sakcharon means 


  sugar
• Structural or constitutional isomers have different chemical formulas, but their atoms are arranged the same


  False - same, differently
• what are the three types of structural isomers


  skeletal isomers, positional isomers, and functional group isomers.
• it is also called chain isomerism


  skeletal isomerism
• it is also called regioisomerism

  Position isomerism
• what structural isomers with the same molecular formula, but with atoms connected differently so dissimilar functional groups are formed.

  Functional group isomerism 
• an early carbohydrate chemist, developed fisher projection , so that it could continue to be used correctly and consistently even after experimental proof of configuration was developed.

  emil fischer
• this test is commonly used to detect aldehyde functions

  tollens’ test
• If both ends of an aldose chain are oxidized to carboxylic acids the product is called an 

  aldaric acid
• The aldehyde group is easily ______ to a

  carboxylic acid using ____ reagent.

  oxidized, benedict‘s
• Cellulose makes up the _____ fiber in our

  diets, which is important in adding bulk to waste

  to help eliminate it more easily.

  insoluble
• it is a polymer made up of repeating glucose 

  units joined by alpha glycosodic linkages.


  starch
• Starch is a polymer made up of repeating glucose 

  units joined by _________________ (3words)

  alpha glycosodic linkages