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• There are four key points to remember about maps.

  Maps present information about the world in a simple, visual way.

  Cartographers gather and use a large amount of data to draw maps.

  Maps use a spatial perspective to show spatial patterns.

  Maps reveal spatial patterns that result from a specific process.
• Maps summarize political, economic, and cultural aspects of the world by showing the sizes and shapes of countries, features such as mountain ranges and rivers, and distances between locations
• A spatial perspective is a geographic outlook that seeks to identify and explain the uses of space, and it helps to explain spatial patterns, the placement or arrangement of objects on Earth’s surface.
• This photo represents time-distance decay. This states that near things are more related than distant things, and interaction between two places decreases the farther apart they are.

  
• parallel (latitude) measure in 10-degree intervals, east to west of the equator.

  meridian (longitude) measures in 15-degree intervals, north to south from pole to pole.
• GPS: a network of satellites that uses latitude and longitude coords to determine specific locations
• Maps are usually inaccurate in either, shape, size, distance, or direction.
• graduated circle map (thematic): using a symbol/circle to represent a numerical value
• dot density map (thematic): one dot represents a certain amount of an object
• chloropleth maps (thematic): shows data for a geographic area using different colors to represent different values.
• cartogram map (thematic): distorts the shape of an area to show the size of a variable.
• Mercator projection:

  strengths: direction/shape

  purpose: navigation

  weaknesses: distance (distorts near the north and south poles), size
• Peters Projection:

  strengths: size

  purpose: shows accurate size

  weaknesses: shape, distance, direction
• Goode Homolosine Projection:

  strengths: shape, size

  purpose: accurate areas

  
  

  weaknesses: distance, direction
• Robinson Projection:

  strengths: size, shape

  purpose: aesthetics

  weaknesses: distance in polar, direction
• relative location: recognizing a place in relation to other places
• absolute location: exact spot on a map, uses coords or address
• sense of place: a construct of a place made up of beliefs, emotions, and actions done in the place
• Time-space compression: decreasing distance between places, measured by time travel or cost
• interdependence: relations between regions and countries that create a global economic system. There is a 2-way flow of goods, money, people, and ideas that create dependencies.
• Diffusion: pattern when the movement of people or their ideas, technologies, or preferences spreads from one location to another through space and time.
• Expansion diffusion: ideas/practices spread throughout a population
• types of expansion diffusion: hierarchical, contagious, stimulus
• hierarchical diffusion: when ideas jump from important people, community or city to rural areas
• contagious diffusion: when ideas spread rapidly, without regard of hierarchy
• stimulus diffusion: when a specific trait is rejected, but the overall idea spreads.
• relocation diffusion: when people with a specific idea or practice move to another location, bringing their idea with them.
• environmental determinism: the idea that behaviour is determined by the environment and not by the individual
• possibilism: the idea that the environment gives humans many ways to develop and ways to overcome environmental challenges
• Local scale analysis: identifies, and analyzes what happens within a state, city, or neighborhood
• national scale analysis: identifies, and analyses what happens in a country
• region: geographical unit based on one or more unifying characteristics, functions, or patterns of activity that are taking place
• Formal region: region that is inhabited people with one or more traits in common, eg. language/religion
• Functional region: also known as, nodal region. This regional is organized to function politically, socially, culturally, or economically by itself
• Nodes: central point where function are coordinated/directed. eg. city halls, churches, capitals
• Metropolitan area: heavily populated urban core and its less populate areas are farther from the inner city
• Vernacular regions: region based off the feelings and attitudes of the people living in the area
• regional analysis: examining patterns and processes within and between at multiple geographic scales: local, national, regional, global
• globalization: when businesses and other organizations start to operate on a global scale, with international influence
• sustainability: practices that meet the needs of the present without ruining the future generations ability to meet their needs