p1-memory

• types of encoding

  visual - storing info based on the way it looks

  acoustic - storing info based on the way it sounds

  semantic - storing info based on its meaning
• types of storage

  short term - holding a limited amount of info for approximately 18-30 seconds

  long term - holding info for up to a lifetime
• types of retrieval

  recognition - retrieving info whilst having options to choose from

  cued recall - retrieving information whilst being given a clue

  free recall - retrieving information without cues/options
• multi store model

  a representative of how memory works. describes how information can move from one store to another. linear sequence so info can flow backwards and forwards
• Duration

  • Sensory store: Less than 0.5 sec
  • STM: 18-30 seconds
  • LTM: Unlimited
• aim of murdock a serial position curve

  to provide evidence for separate STS and LTM of the multi store model of memory
• method of Murdock serial opposition curve

  Lab study. Standardised procedures. 16 participants/20 words at a rate of 1 min. Male and female psychology students free recall of words over 90 seconds repeated 80 times over a few days the different words.
• results of Murdocks serial position curve

  first words from list recall well (primary effect) end of list words recorded well (recency affect) list not remembered well.
• conclusion of Murdocks serial position curve

  separate store for short-term and long-term memory. Support multi store model memory. First words in LTS, last words in STS. Middle words from list and neither.
• evaluation of Murdocks serial position curve

  limitation - cannot generalise as it was all students, lacks ecological validity not typically how we remember things in real life

  strength - participants are a similar age so representative
• aim of Bartlet war of the ghosts?

  If we are given an unfamiliar story, would we hold to the information so that it makes more sense? Testing bartlets theory of reconstructive memory.
• method of Bartletts war of the ghosts

  Lab study. Standardised procedures. Participants all Cambridge students. Red story twice to self, 15 mins later told story to another, who told to another et cetera changes to story recorded.
• Results of Bartlett War of the ghosts


  Passages because shorter (330–150 words) omissions(ghosts) changes to detail(names of places, canoes and boats) changes to order of events
• conclusion of Bartlett war of the ghosts

  Memory, not an exact copy of what we hear memory influenced by beliefs and stereotypes
• evaluation of Bartlett War of the ghost

  Strength - supporting study

  Limitation - Results could be inaccurate as they had several testing which means they could become bored
• serial position effect 


  The idea that the first and last few words in a list of more likely to be recalled (in comparison to the Middle) due to their position
• Reconstructive memory


  The idea that we only store some parts of memories and fill in the gaps with our expectations when it comes to telling it so it makes sense