psychology paper 1

• what is a strength of Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation? (44 thieves)
• Research support for delinquency being a result of maternal deprivation: Bowlby supported his theory with the 44 thieves study → 44 child thieves and a control group of 44 emotionally disturbed non-thieves were interviewed to assess affectionless psychopathy → parents were asked about maternal deprivation during the critical period → found that 14 thieves matched the criteria for affectionless psychopathy compared to none of the control group → 12 of the thieves have experienced prolonged separation compared to only two of the control group → suggesting link between maternal deprivation and de...
• what does bowlby suggest about consistent care and long/frequent separations
• consistent care of infants results in strong attachment bond → frequent/long separations = monotropic bond destructed.
• what is grossman et al's study? (role of the father)
• conducted longitudinal research into babies attachment until they were teens, found that the quality of fathers play in young years was associated with the quality of teen attachments - suggesting that fathers play a different yet important role
• what is a counterarguement of the economical implications for equality
• HOWEVER: the decrease in men in the workforce due to the conclusions of this research will result in less economic activity which is a negative for the economy
• what is another limitation of the theory of childhood attachment affecting adult relationships (other explanations)
• Other explanations: Kagan’s temperament hypothesis → infant + adult relationships are linked but are due to an inherited high or low reactive temperament (nature) → high reactivity results in distressed babies who grow to into disinhibited and anxious adults → low reactive infants show low distress and grow into outgoing children + adults → this biological explanation explains findings that attchment styles are linked across a lifetime but without the need of an internal working model
• procedure of strange situation
• Episode 1: observer introduces mother and baby to the experimental room and then leaves, Episode 2: baby explores freely the mother does not interact, Episode 3: stranger enters, Episode 4: stranger interacts with the baby, Episode 5: mother comes back greets baby and tries to settle baby in play again, Episode 6: mother leaves again and the baby is alone, Episode 7: stranger enters again, Episode 8: mother returns
• what is another limitation of van ijzendoorn research?
• Cultural bias: Ethnocentrism: attahcment types in american and briitish culture are viewed as superior (secure) and types that are more common in other countries are viewed as ‘’insecure’’ → ainsworth may be takimg emic concept (local norm) and impsoing it as an etic (universal) concept to wider world
• specific attachment (time period and behaviours displayed?
• 7-9 months, form a primary attachment figure (usually mother), show seperation anxiety
• what is bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation
• If monotropic attachment disrupted during critical period due to prolonged separation from mother → this deprivation will result in negative and irreversible consequences
• what do hazen and shaver argue
• an adults relationship type is a continuation of their infant attachment style and can be classified using ainsworth’s secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure resistant types. children with a secure attachment type will become more socially capable in childhood and adulthood that insecure types due to an effective internal working model
• what was the procedure of schaffer and emersons study?
• 60 mother-infant pairs, field (in family home) overt, longitudinal study, observer visited every month until first year and then again at 18 months asking questions to mother about babies protests about when mother leaves room (measuring separation anxiety), stranger anxiety was also measured
• what type of explanation is bolwby's monotropic theory
• an evolutionary explanation
• what is a limitation of the theory of early attachment influencing adult relationships (hint..link)
• Cannot establish causal link between childhood attachments and later adult relationship styles → research = correlational → impossible to establish cause and effect relationship between early childhood attachment + later adult relationships →may be another variable e.g poverty
• what was rutter et al's romanian orphan study (intro)
• (1998-2011) → longitudinal study of 165 romanian orphans who were adopted into british families
• what is maternal privation?
• the complete absence of emotional care
• what is institutionalisation?
• when children are cared for by the state
• what is secure attachment + characteristics
• infants use their mother as safe base, moderate stranger and separation anxiety - happy reunion response allows them to settle back quickly back to exploration, caregivers show sensitive responsiveness
• what are drives?
• drives = the desire to complete an action
• What is behaviour distinguished by according to learning theories of attachment
• by primary and secondary drives
• what is another strength of harlow's research? (economic)
• positive economic implications, By Using animals to study attachment we can identify and help children who are most at risk in society can also have later economic implications as those children are more likely to grow up to be productive members of society.