Cardiac system and blood typing

• What is located in the mediastinum

  The heart and lungs
• Which rib is the heart level with

  2
• Where does the base of the heart point towards

  Right
• Where does the apex of the heart point towards

  Left
• What is the layer around the heart wall called

  The pericardium
• What are the functions of the pericardium

  Lubrication and mechanical protection
• What is the pericardic fluid

  The serous fluid which allows the heart to move freely
• What are the 3 layers of the pericardium

  Fibrous. Serous. Epicardium.
• What is the outermost layer of the pericardium called

  Fibrous pericardium
• What is the middle layer of the pericardium called

  Serous pericardium
• What is the inner layer of the pericardium called

  Epicardium
• Where is the pericardial cavity located

  Between the epicardium and Serous pericardium
• Where are the coronary blood vessels located

  In the epicardium
• What is pericarditis

  Problems with the pericardium which impact the movement and function of the heart
• How is acute pericarditis detected

  As a scratch sound due to increased friction
• What is the pathology of acute pericarditis

  Rapid inflammation and chest pain
• How is acute pericarditis treated

  With non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]
• What is the pathology of chronic pericarditis

  Effusion and constriction of the pericardium.
• What is effusion of the pericardium

  Build up of fluid in the pericardium
• What causes constriction in chronic pericarditis

  Hardening of the pericardium
• What are the layers of the heart wall

  Epicardium. Myocardium. Endocardium.
• What type of tissue is the heart wall made of

  3 muscular layers which allow the heart to contract.
• What are the roles of valves


  To prevent backflow
• Label the heart diagram

  x

  A) Superior vena cava

  B) Inferior vena cava

  C) Right atrium

  D) Right ventricle

  E) Pulmonary valve

  F) Pulmonary artery

  G) Pulmonary vein

  H) Left atrium

  I) Bicuspid valve

  J) Left ventricle

  K) Aortic valve

  L) Ascending aorta

  M) Descending aorta

  N) Intraventricular septum

  O) Apex

  P) Tricuspid valve

  
• Describe the movement of blood through the heart

  Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs via the pulmonary vein and out of the aorta towards the body.

  Deoxygenated blood flows from the body via the vena cava and out of the pulmonary artery towards the lungs
• What are the two types of coronary valves

  Semilunar and atrioventricular.
• What are the semilunar valves

  Pulmonary and aortic.
• What are the atrioventricular valves

  Bicuspid [Mitrial] and Tricuspid.
• What controls the opening and closing of valves

  Pressure changes
• What holds valves in place

  Chordae tendinae
• When valves are open what happens to the chordae tendinae 


  They are slack
• When valves are closed what happens to the chordae tendinae

  They are taut
• What are the main heart valve issues

  Incompetent valves and valvular stenosis
• What is the condition when valves do not fully close

  Incompetent valves
• What is meant by leaky valves

  This is when valves do not close properly [Incompetent valves]. It results in regurgitant flow.
• What is regurgitant flow

  When blood leaks back down and is pumped out again.
• What is valvular stenosis

  Stiffened valves caused by repeated infections, congenital disease or calcium deposits. The stiffened valves have a narrowed opening.
• What are the 3 layers in arteries and veins

  Tunica externa / adventitia. Tunica media. Tunica intima.
• What is the tunica externa made of

  Collagen fibres
• What is the role of the tunica adventitia

  Support.