L23 minden dif types of stem cells

• • cell that produces myelin is oligodendrocytes
• • true or false.: adult stem cells are isolated from blastocyst..
  • false. only ES cells
• • cells that are derived from the developing brain of a fetus are called fetal stem cells
• during embryogenesis , diploid resulting from fusion of egg and sperm is called the zygote 
• TYPES OF STEM CELLS

  • ES CELLS
  • ADULT
  • FETAL
  • UMBILICAL CORD
  • SCNT (NUCLEAR TRANSPLANT)
  • INDUCED PLURIPOTENT
  • PARTHENOGENETIC
  • NEURAL
• • EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS (ESC)
  • pluripotent - isolated from blastocyst ** 
• STEM CELLS THAT CAN COME FROM THE UMBILICAL CORD TISSUE 

  -1. Cells from the Wharton’s jelly (a gelatinous substance within the cord): High amount of mesenchymal stem cells

  • 2. Cells from the Umbilical vein: -endothelial cells
• Neural


  Cells that can differentiate into neurons
• Sources of neural cells


  • iPS cells differentiated in vitro
  • ES cells differentiated in vitro
  • MSCs differentiated in vitro
  • Fetal stem cells from the fetal nervous system
  • NSCs present naturally in the brain throughout life (adult stem cells)
• Locations of NSCs in the brain

  1. Subventricular Zone (SVZ): Give rise to olfactory neurons

  2. Subgranular Zone of the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampus (SGZ): Give rise to some of the granule cells
• Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)


  Adult stem cells that come from bone marrow
• Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

  • Come mostly from yellow bone marrow (stromal region)
  • Consist of connective tissue, all tissue not associated with HSC/red bone marrow
• Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)


  Adult stem cells that mostly come from red bone marrow
• Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)


  • First ones to be used in therapy
  • Maybe best understood
  • Multipotent - differentiate into different multiple lineages
• MUSE cells


  Subset of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
• MUSE cells


  • Multi-lineage differentiating stress
  • More potent, more therapeutic potential than MSCs
  • Make up 1-2% of MSCs (isolated away from them)
  • Express pluripotent markers
• CELLS DERIVED FROM BRAIN GIVE RISE TO DOPAMINE NEURONS
• CELLS DERIVED FROM DEVELOPING RETINA GIVE RISE TO RETINAL CELLS
• CELLS DERIVED FROM NEURAL CREST CELLS GIVE RISE TO melanocytes, neurons, glial cells, bone, cartilage, smooth muscle, blood
• CELLS DERIVED FROM HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS GIVE RISE TO Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, rbcs, megakaryocytes
• CELLS DERIVED FROM LIVER, PANCREAS, GUT .. GIVE RISE TO Organs derived from endodermal cells (pancreas, liver, bladder, ... )
• Telomeres


  Found at the end of chromosomes, like an end cap, long as 15,000 bases, prevent chromosomes from losing base pairs at ends, shorten every time a cell divides, older cells have shorter telomeres, younger cells have longer telomeres
• The telomere length of clones from SCNT is not determined by the donor, as stem cells have long telomeres even if they came from older donors with shorter telomeres
• Four transgenes used to develop iPS cells


  • Oct3/4
  • Sox2
  • C-Myc
  • Klf4
• Oct3/4

  A transcription factor associated with many target genes implicated in maintenance of pluripotency
• Sox2

  A transcription factor necessary for embryonic development and for preventing ES cell differentiation
• Myc

  A transcription factor with many cellular functions, important for proliferation, oncogenic
• Klf4

  A transcription factor, its overexpression inhibits differentiation of ES cells
• New transgenes used for more effective iPS cell development

  • Nanog
  • Lin28
• Nanog


  A transcription factor normally found in embryonic stem cells, has a role in promoting pluripotency
• Lin28

  An mRNA binding protein found in ES cells that has a role both in pluripotency and differentiation
• Reprogramming fibroblasts to iPS cells


  1. Fibroblast

  2. 6 genes

  3. Reprogram cells
• Cell types iPS cells can differentiate into


  • Cardiomyocytes
  • Adipocytes
  • Neural cells (motoneurons, dopaminergic neurons)
  • Pancreatic β cells
  • Hematopoietic progenitor cells
• iPS cells were used to study liver disease by differentiating them into liver cells that took on the characteristics of the diseased livers of the patients
• adult stem cells can be unipotent, multipotent, and pluripotent
• fetal stem cells are multi potent
• umbilical cords are a good source of stem cells
• ES cells are isolated from a blastocyst
• eS cells are pluri potent
• an important example of adult stem cells are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow . also multipotent