MANAGEMENT

• Certified Internal Auditor (CIA)

  Has passed a comprehensive examination designed to ensure technological competence and has 2 years of experience
• Certified Management Accountant (CMA)

  Has passed a rigorous qualifying examination, met an experience requirement, and participates in continuing education
• Certified Public Accountant (CPA)

  Has passed a national examination and must be licensed by the state in which he or she wishes to practice accounting (e.g., in audit, tax, etc.)
• Continuous improvement


  Searching for ways to increase the overall efficiency and productivity of activities by decreasing waste, increasing quality, and reducing costs
• Controller


  The chief accounting officer in an organization
• Controlling


  The managerial activity of monitoring a plan's implementation and taking corrective action as needed
• Decision making


  The process of choosing among competing alternatives
• Ethical behavior


  Choosing actions that are right, proper, and just
• Financial accounting


  A type of accounting focused primarily on the creation of financial information for external users
• Lean accounting


  An accounting practice that organizes costs according to the value chain to help managers eliminate waste and, ultimately, reduce costs and improve financial performance
• Line positions


  Positions that have direct responsibility for the basic objectives of an organization
• Managerial accounting


  A type of accounting focused primarily on providing internal users with the necessary financial and nonfinancial information to help them make the best possible decisions for the company
• Planning


  A management activity that involves the detailed formulation of action to achieve a particular end
• Staff positions


  Positions that are supportive in nature and have only indirect responsibility for an organization's basic objectives
• Total quality management (TQM)


  A management philosophy in which manufacturers strive to create an environment that will enable workers to manufacture perfect (zero-defect) products
• Treasurer


  The individual responsible for the finance function; raises capital and manages cash and investments
• Value chain


  The set of activities required to design, develop, produce, market (and deliver), and service products and services to customers