English les2

• Outline


  A tool used in improving and organizing written ideas about a topic into a logical order
• Types of outline


  • Sentence outline
  • Topic outline
• Sentence outline


  Presents the thesis statement, major topics, subtopics, and supporting details in sentence form
• Topic outline


  Presents the major topics, subtopics, and supporting details in the form of words and phrases
• Steps in Writing an Outline

  1. Choose your topic and establish your purpose

  2. Create and organize a list of your major topics

  3. Make and organize a list of your subtopics

  4. Provide additional information to support your subtopics

  5. Review and refine the contents of your outline
• Thesis statement


  A one-sentence statement that expresses the main idea of an essay
• Major topics


  Major phrases/sentences formed from the thesis statement
• Subtopics


  Minor phrases/sentences formed from the major topics
• Supporting details


  Phrases/sentences which provide additional information to clarify or prove the main idea
• Primary sources


  Firsthand information taken from original evidences
• Examples of primary sources

  • Reports on discoveries and events
  • Interviews from persons in authority
  • Diaries, letter correspondence
  • Original documents e.g. birth certificates, trial records
  • Interviews, speeches, oral histories
  • Laws, regulations, constitutions
  • Government documents, statistical data, research reports
  • Journal article reporting new research or findings
  • Creative art works, literature
  • Opinion pieces
• Secondary sources


  Secondhand information taken from the primary sources
• Examples of secondary sources

  • Journal articles that comment on or analyses research
  • Textbooks
  • Dictionaries and encyclopedias
  • Books that interpret, analyze
  • Political commentary
  • Biographies
  • Dissertations
  • Newspaper editorial/columns
  • Criticism of literature, art works or music
• to be at odds with sb/sth - to disagree with someone or something
• Wayang Kulit


  Shadow play with two-dimensional leather puppets
• Wayang Kulit


  • Originated from the Ramayana and Mahabharata epic stories
  • Presented through a rectangular, wide, and long piece of cloth to serve as a screen
• Wayang Kulit puppets


  • Two-dimensional, unique Indonesian artworks
• Dalang


  • Manipulator-narrator who sits cross-legged at the back of the screen/cloth
  • Gives movement and voice to the puppets
  • Provides signal to the accompanying gamelan musicians
• Gamelan musicians


  • Accompany the Wayang Kulit performance throughout
  • Play a significant role in the performance
• Lights


  • May be in the form of a traditional open coconut oil lamp or electric bulb to give shadow to the puppets
• Other Wayang plays


  • Wayang Wong or Wayang Orang
  • Wayang Golek
  • Wayang Topeng or Wayang Gedog
  • Wayang Klitik
• Wayang Wong or Wayang Orang


  Performers act in the roles of the puppets on a stage
• Wayang Golek


  Puppets are shaped like wooden dolls with rounded heads and arms
• Wayang Topeng or Wayang Gedog


  Focus on the story which narrates the activities of noblemen who lived in East Java, performed by men wearing masks
• Wayang Klitik


  Wooden puppets are flat, carved in shallow relief, and painted not dressed, with arms made of parchment
• to be at sixes and sevens - to be confused; to be disorganized