physiology quizlet

• anatomy


  structures of the body + their relationships
• nucleus of cell

  membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains chromosomes (DNA)
• physiology


  study of normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

  includes all chemical and physical processes, integrative science (put together)
• pathophysiology


  study of abnormal functioning
• teleological approach


  describing physiological processes by their purpose rather than their mechanism (function explains why)
• mechanistic approach


  the ability to explain the mechanism that underlies physiological events (mechanism/process explains how)
• homeostasis


  • regulation of the body's internal environment by quickly restoring changed conditions + returning it back to normal
  • the ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
• homeostatic response loop

  • Stimulus
  • Sensor
  • Input signal
  • Integrating center
  • Output signal
  • Target
  • Response
• negative feedback


  stops/stabilizes
• positive feedback


  reinforce/keep going
• loss of homeostasis


  • caused by external/internal change
  • sensed by organism, physiology attempt to correct
  • dynamic steady state
• levels of organization


  - Atom

  - Molecule

  - Cell

  - Tissue

  - Organ

  - Organ System

  - Organism

  - Population of one species

  - Ecosystem of different species

  - Biosphere
• experimental design


  - observation

  - hypothesis

  - experimental data

  - replication

  - model

  - theory
• hypothesis


  a logical guess about how an event takes place
• theory


  hypothesis supported by data from multiple sources
• independent variable


  what's changed/controlled
• dependent variable


  (D depends on I) what's tested/measured
• controlled variable


  what's kept the same
• difficult to interpret results


  genetic/environmental variability
• crossover studies


  same subject tested twice (baseline > experimental)
• placebo


  an inactive substance used in medical treatment with no effect (psychological impact)
• Experimental Design Formats:


  - longitudinal/cross sectional

  - prospective/retrospective

  - meta-analysis
• meta-analysis


  evaluate multiple studies to find most accurate results
• protons


  (+) determine element (atomic number)
• neutrons


  (=) determine isotope
• Protons (+) + neutrons (=) =


  atomic mass (weight) "social security number"
• electrons


  (-) form covalent bonds

  gain/loss create ions

  capture/store energy

  create free radicals
• isotopes


  an atom of the same element that gains or loses neutrons

  different # of neutrons
• ions


  an atom of the same element that gains or loses electrons

  net (+)/(-) charge due to gain/loss of electron
• cation


  (+) lost electron
• anion


  (-) gain electron
• types of chemical bonds


  ionic, covalent, hydrogen
• ionic bond


  gains/loses electrons, opposites attract to fulfil octet rule
• covalent bond


  share pair of electrons (single, double, triple)
• hydrogen bond


  - H + oxygen/nitrogen/fluorine, weak

  create surface tension (H2O)
• polar molecules


  partial charges
• nonpolar molecules


  even distribution of electrons
• biomolecules

  associated with living organisms

  - (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides)

  - conjugated proteins (lipoproteins)

  - glycosylated molecules: extra substance "glyco_"

  - polymers made of repeating unit
• elements that make up more than 90% of body's mass

  oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
• fatty acids


  long chains of carbon atoms bound to hydrogens w/a carbon (-COOH) or acid group at one end of the chain

  saturated

  monounsaturated

  polyunsaturated