ENDOCRINE

• What region of the brain controls the pituitary gland?

  Hypothalamus
• Why is the pituitary gland referred to as the "master gland"?

  It secretes hormones regulating growth and metabolism
• What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

  FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, Prolactin
• What does the posterior pituitary store and release?

  Oxytocin and ADH
• What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

  Melatonin
• What is the function of melatonin produced by the pineal gland?

  Regulates sleep-wake cycles
• What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

  Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin
• What is the role of calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland?

  Regulates calcium levels in the blood
• What hormone do the parathyroid glands produce?

  Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  Regulates blood calcium levels
• What hormones do the adrenal glands produce?

  Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
• Where are the adrenal glands located?

  Above the kidneys
• What does the pancreas secrete to regulate blood sugar?

  Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin
• What is the function of insulin?

  Lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake
• What hormones do the gonads produce?

  Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Inhibin
• What is the role of testosterone?

  Promotes spermatogenesis and male traits
• What is the function of estrogen?

  Promotes follicle growth and female traits
• What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

  Maintains uterine lining
• What is the function of inhibin?

  Inhibits FSH secretion
• What are the main hormones involved in reproductive control?

  • GnRH: Stimulates FSH and LH release
  • FSH: Stimulates gamete production
  • LH: Stimulates ovulation and testosterone production
  • Inhibin: Regulates FSH secretion
• What are Sertoli cells responsible for?

  Support sperm development and produce inhibin
• What do Leydig cells produce?

  Testosterone
• What is spermatogenesis?

  Process of sperm cell formation
• What is oogenesis?

  Process of egg cell formation
• What is a follicle?

  Ovarian structure containing developing egg
• What is the corpus luteum?

  Temporary gland that secretes progesterone
• What is the endometrium?

  Lining of uterus; site of implantation
• What is ovulation?

  Release of mature egg from ovary
• What is menstruation?

  Shedding of uterine lining
• What is the menstrual cycle?

  Monthly reproductive cycle in humans
• What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

  Menstrual, proliferative, secretory
• What is the estrous cycle?

  Reproductive cycle in non-human mammals
• What is menopause?

  Permanent cessation of menstruation
• What are the differences between negative and positive feedback in hormone regulation?

  • Negative feedback: Hormone inhibits its own production
  • Positive feedback: Hormone enhances its own production
• What is fertilization?

  Fusion of sperm and egg
• What is cleavage in embryonic development?

  Early rapid cell divisions of zygote
• What is a blastocyst?

  Early embryo that implants in uterus
• What is implantation?

  Embedding of blastocyst into uterine lining
• What hormone is secreted by the embryo during pregnancy?

  hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
• What is the function of hCG during pregnancy?

  Maintains corpus luteum