REPRODUCTIVE

• What is reproduction?

  Process of producing offspring
• What defines asexual reproduction?

  Single parent; offspring genetically identical
• How does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation?

  It involves fusion of gametes (sperm + egg)
• What is hermaphroditism?

  Individual has both male and female organs
• What is sequential hermaphroditism?

  Individual changes sex during lifetime
• What is fertilization?

  Union of sperm and egg
• What is external fertilization?

  Eggs fertilized outside the body
• What is internal fertilization?

  Eggs fertilized inside the female body
• What are testes?

  Male gonads; produce sperm and testosterone
• What is the function of the scrotum?

  Regulates temperature of the testes
• What is the role of the epididymis?

  Stores and matures sperm
• What does the vas deferens do?

  Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
• What do seminal vesicles produce?

  Seminal fluid rich in fructose
• What is the function of the prostate gland?

  Secretes fluid to nourish and protect sperm
• What do bulbourethral glands produce?

  Mucus to neutralize acidity
• What is the urethra's role?

  Conducts semen and urine out of the body
• What is the penis?

  Male copulatory organ
• What is a sperm cell?

  Male gamete with head, midpiece, tail
• What are ovaries?

  Female gonads; produce eggs, estrogen, progesterone
• What is the function of the oviduct (fallopian tube)?

  Site of fertilization; transports egg to uterus
• What is the uterus?

  Muscular organ where embryo implants
• What is the endometrium?

  Uterine lining; thickens for implantation
• What is the cervix?

  Narrow passage between uterus and vagina
• What is the vagina's function?

  Muscular canal for intercourse and birth
• What is the clitoris?

  Erectile tissue with sensory function
• What are labia?

  Folds of skin protecting vaginal opening
• What is spermatogenesis?

  Production of sperm in testes; continuous after puberty
• What is oogenesis?

  Production of eggs in ovaries; begins before birth
• What is a primary oocyte?

  Arrested in prophase I until puberty
• What is a secondary oocyte?

  Arrested in metaphase II until fertilization
• What are polar bodies?

  Non-functional cells produced during oogenesis
• What does GnRH do?

  Stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH & LH
• What is the role of FSH?

  Stimulates spermatogenesis in males; follicle growth in females
• What does LH do?

  Stimulates testosterone production in males; ovulation in females
• What is testosterone?

  Male sex hormone; promotes male traits
• What is estrogen (estradiol)?

  Female sex hormone; promotes female traits
• What is progesterone?

  Maintains uterine lining for pregnancy
• What does inhibin do?

  Inhibits FSH to regulate gametogenesis
• What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulation phase
  • Luteal phase
• What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

  • Menstrual flow phase
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase