DDS

• Pharmaceutical Ingredients


  • Acidifying agent
  • Alkalinizing agent
  • Adsorbent
  • Aerosol propellant
  • Air displacement
  • Antifungal preservative
  • Antimicrobial preservative
  • Antioxidant
  • Buffering agent
  • Chelating agent
  • Colorant
  • Clarifying agent
  • Emulsifying agent
  • Encapsulating agent
  • Flavorant
  • Humectant
  • Levigating agent
  • Ointment base
  • Plasticizer
  • Solvent
  • Stiffening agent
  • Suppository base
  • Surfactant
  • Suspending agent
  • Sweetening agent
  • Tablet antiadherents
  • Tablet binders
  • Tablet and capsule diluent
  • Tablet coating agent
  • Tablet direct compression excipient
  • Tablet disintegrant
  • Tablet glidant
  • Tablet lubricant
  • Tablet or capsule opaquant
  • Tablet polishing agent
  • Tonicity agent
  • Vehicle
• Acidifying agent


  Used in liquid preparations to provide acidic medium for product stability
• Alkalinizing agent


  Used in liquid preparations to provide alkaline medium for product stability
• Adsorbent


  An agent capable of holding other molecules onto its surface by physical or chemical (chemisorption) means
• Adsorbents


  • Powdered cellulose
  • Activated charcoal
• Aerosol propellant


  Agent responsible for developing the pressure within an aerosol container and expelling the product when the valve is opened
• Aerosol propellants


  • Carbon dioxide
  • Dichlorodifluoromethane
  • Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
  • Trichloromonofluoromethane
• Air displacement


  Agent employed to displace air in a hermetically sealed container to enhance product stability
• Air displacement agents


  • Nitrogen
  • Carbon dioxide
• Antifungal preservative


  Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of fungi. Effectiveness of parabens is usually enhanced by use in combination
• Antimicrobial preservative


  Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to prevent growth of microorganisms
• Antimicrobial preservatives


  • Benzalkonium chloride
• Antioxidant


  Used to prevent deterioration of preparations by oxidation
• Buffering agent


  Used to resist change in pH upon dilution or addition of acid or alkali
• Buffering agents


  • Potassium metaphosphate
  • Potassium phosphate, monobasic
  • Sodium acetate
  • Sodium citrate, anhydrous and dihydrate
• Chelating agent


  Substance that forms stable water-soluble complexes (chelates) with metals; used in some liquid pharmaceuticals as stabilizers to complex heavy metals that might promote instability. In such use, they are also called sequestering agents
• Chelating agents


  • Edetic acid
  • Edetate disodium
• Colorant


  Used to impart color to liquid and solid (e.g., tablets and capsules) preparations
• Colorants


  • FD&C Red No. 3
  • FD&C Red No. 20
  • FD&C Yellow No. 6
  • FD&C Blue No. 2
  • D&C Green No. 5
  • D&C Orange No. 5
  • D&C Red No. 8
  • Caramel
  • Ferric oxide, red
• Clarifying agent


  Used as a filtering aid for its adsorbent qualities
• Clarifying agents


  • Bentonite
• Emulsifying agent


  Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely subdivided particles of liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible. End product may be a liquid emulsion or semisolid emulsion (e.g., a cream)
• Encapsulating agent


  Used to form thin shells to enclose a drug for ease of administration
• Encapsulating agents


  • Gelatin
• Flavorant


  Used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation. In addition to the natural flavorants listed, many synthetic ones are used
• Humectant


  Used to prevent drying of preparations, particularly ointments and creams
• Humectants


  • Glycerin
  • Propylene glycol
  • Sorbitol
• Levigating agent


  Liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a powder by grinding, usually in a mortar
• Levigating agents


  • Mineral oil
  • Glycerin
  • Propylene glycol
• Ointment bases


  • Lanolin
  • Hydrophilic ointment
  • Polyethylene glycol ointment
  • Petrolatum
  • Hydrophilic petrolatum
  • White ointment
  • Yellow ointment
  • Rose water ointment
• Plasticizer


  Component of film-coating solutions to make film more pliable, enhance spread of coat over tablets, beads, and granules
• Plasticizers


  • Diethyl phthalate
  • Glycerin
• Solvent


  Used to dissolve another substance in preparation of a solution; may be aqueous or not (e.g., oleaginous). Cosolvents, such as water and alcohol (hydroalcoholic) and water and glycerin, may be used when needed. Sterile solvents are used in certain preparations (e.g., injections)
• Stiffening agent


  Used to increase thickness or hardness of a preparation, usually an ointment
• Suppository bases


  • Cocoa butter
  • Polyethylene glycols (mixtures)
  • PEG 3350
• Surfactant (surface active agent)

  Substances that absorb to surfaces or interfaces to reduce surface or interfacial tension. May be used as wetting agents, detergents, or emulsifying agents
• Suspending agent


  Viscosity-increasing agent used to reduce sedimentation rate of particles in a vehicle in which they are not soluble; suspension may be formulated for oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, topical, or other route
• Sweetening agent


  Used to impart sweetness to a preparation
• Tablet antiadherents


  Prevent tablet ingredients from sticking to punches and dies during production
• Tablet antiadherents


  • Magnesium stearate