Mapeh QUIZ tom

• Communicable Diseases and its Preventions
• Pathogens can cause a wide range of diseases. They have contributed to hundreds of millions of illnesses, with various modes of transmission, such as direct contact, indirect contact, airborne transmission, contaminated food, and exposure to infected animals.
• Coccus


  Spherical-shaped prokaryotic organisms
• Bacillus


  Rod-shaped prokaryotic organisms that belong to the bacterial domain
• Spirillum


  Spiral-shaped prokaryotic organisms that belong to the bacterial domain
• Virus


  Small infectious agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of other organisms
• Fungi


  Diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
• Tapeworms


  Parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines and obtain nutrients by absorbing them from the host's digestive system
• Health is maintained through long periods of wellness, with occasional infectious diseases that can be overcome through prevention and the right information and attitude to aid the healing process.
• Different Types of Pathogens

  • Viruses
  • Protozoa
  • Rickettsiae
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Metazoans
• Viruses


  The tiniest and the most virulent among the pathogens. Examples of diseases: Upper respiratory infections, Flu, Herpes, Papilloma viruses
• Protozoa


  Single-celled animals that release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells or interfere with their function
• Rickettsiae


  Very small intracellular pathogens that are structurally in between virus and bacteria
• Bacteria


  Simple one-celled organisms. Examples of diseases: Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Gonorrhea, Scarlet fever
• Fungi


  Threadlike fibers and reproductive spores. Examples of diseases: Athlete's foot, Diseases of the skin and scalp, hair, nail, lungs, ringworm
• Metazoans


  Consists of 3 animal pathogens, namely; round worms, tapeworms, and flukes
• Illustration of the Chain of Infection

  1. Pathogen

  2. Reservoir

  3. Portal of exit

  4. Means of transmission

  5. Portal of entry

  6. New host
• Ways to break the chain

  • Pasteurization of milk
  • Chlorination of drinking water
  • Medical treatment and testing
  • Insect and rodent eradication
  • Quarantine
  • Condoms
  • Masks
  • Covering mouth while coughing
  • Hand washing
  • Avoiding infected individuals
  • Sexual abstinence
  • Sanitary practices
  • Insect repellant
  • Immunization
  • Health promotion
• Stages of Infection


  1. Incubation Period

  2. Prodromal Period

  3. Clinical Stage

  4. Recovery Stage
• Incubation Period


  The time between initial infection and appearance of symptoms
• Prodromal Period


  A short period of time when the body begins to react to pathogens. Fever, headache, nasal discharge and irritability are common.
• Clinical Stage


  The time when the disease is at its worst. The characteristic of a disease is readily identified.
• Recovery Stage


  The time which recovery from the disease begins. The host may relapse, recover with immunity to the disease or recover from the disease but be a source (carrier) for the disease.
• First line of defense

  • The skin and the mucous membranes are the body's line of defense. An invading microorganism must find its way through the skin or the mucous coated membranes that line the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts.
• Inflammatory Response


  • The Inflammatory response helps ward off any foreign matter. The white blood cells in the bloodstream from a vital part of the body's defense system.
• Immunity


  • Immunity is the body's most efficient disease-preventing weapon. It helps fight either a viral infection or a bacterial infection. It is the body's third line of defense against virus.
• Natural Immunity


  When a virus attacks the body, it helps bring about its own destruction by triggering the production of interferon.
• Acquired Immunity


  Immunity may be initiated artificially by means of vaccines which consist of killed or weakened viruses. A person who contracted a disease or received a vaccine for it usually develops active Immunity.