genetics and gene regulation

• What two laws of genetics were described by Gregor Mendel?

  The Law of Segregation and The Law of Independent Assortment
• What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation in a monohybrid cross?

  3:1
• Describe the Law of Segregation

  Two alleles of a gene separate during meiosis 1 and end up in different gametes
• gene


  A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait (ex. hair color)
• allele


  Different forms of the same gene (ex. black hair and blue eyes)
• The allele correlating with falling ill with UpDog is Dominant. Two parents both exhibit UpDog, but their child does not. What are the genotypes of the parents and the child?

  The parents are Heterozygous for UpDog and the child is Homozygous Recessive
• describe the law of independent assortment.

  genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
• Why is gene regulation important for organisms?

  Allows for organisms to:

  • Adapt to different

  environmental conditions

  • Conserve energy by only

  producing needed proteins

  • Provide cell differentiation (in

  eukaryotes)
• When SarS is present in the environment, Staphylococcus aureus begins to produce Protein A. What is SarS?

  An Activator molecule
• What are the three modes of horizontal gene transfer bacteria can undergo?

  Conjugation, transduction, and transformation
• Briefly define how conjugation is accomplished

  exchange of genetic information by sending plasmids through a sex pilus
• Briefly define how transduction is accomplished


  the transfer of genetic information by a bacterial virus
• Briefly define how transformation is accomplished


  the acquisition of genetic information from the environment
• Describe what the following plates are selecting for and your expected results: +pGLO LB/amp, +pGLO LB/amp/ara, -pLGO LB/amp, -pGLO LB

  +pGLO LB/amp: grow, Selecting for bacteria that have been transformed

  +pGLO LB/amp/ara: glow, Selecting for bacteria that have been transformed

  -pLGO LB/amp: die, Control plate to ensure bacteria are not already resistant to Ampicillin and there hasn't been an experimental error

  -pGLO LB: grow, Control plate to ensure bacteria culture is viable
• Describe Griffith's Experiment and its significance


  Griffith's Experiment showed that bacteria can transfer genetic information through transformation
• What happened when Griffith injected mice with a) rough strain b) smooth strain c) heat killed smooth strain d) live rough AND heat-killed smooth strains?

  a) mouse was healthy

  b) mouse died

  c) mouse was healthy

  d) mouse died