Biochem High Yield

• Competitive inhibition is when the substrate binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding. Km increases, Vmax is unaffected.

  
• Uncompetitive inhibition is when the inhibitor binds only with the enzyme-substrate complex. Km decreases and Vmax decreases.

  
• Mixed Inhibition is when the inhibitor binds with unequal affinity to the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex. Km is unaffected and Vmax is decreased

  
• Noncompetitive inhibition is when the inhibitor binds with equal affinity to the enzyme and the enzyme substrate complex. Vmax is decreased, Km is unaffected.

  
• Glycine (Gly/G)

  Nonpolar, aliphatic R Groups

  
• Alanine (Ala/A)

  Nonpolar, aliphatic R Groups

  
• Proline (Pro/P)

  Nonpolar, aliphatic R Groups

  
• Valine (Val/V)

  Nonpolar, aliphatic R Groups

  
• Leucine (Leu/L)

  Nonpolar, aliphatic R Groups

  
• Isoleucine (Ile/I)

  Nonpolar, aliphatic R Groups

  
• Methionine (Met/M)

  Nonpolar, aliphatic R Groups

  
• Phenylalanine (Phe/F)

  Aromatic R groups

  
• Tyrosine (Tyr/Y)

  Aromatic R groups

  
• Tryptophan (Trp/W)

  Aromatic R groups

  
• Serine (Ser/S)

  Polar, uncharged R groups

  
• Threonine (Thr/T)

  Polar, uncharged R groups

  
• Cysteine (Cys/C)

  Polar, uncharged R groups

  
• Asparagine (Asn/N)

  Polar, uncharged R groups

  
• Glutamine (Gln/Q)

  Polar, uncharged R groups

  
• Lysine (Lys/K)

  Positively charged R groups

  
• Arginine (Arg/R)

  Positively charged R groups

  
• Histidine (His/H)

  Positively charged R groups

  
• Aspartate (Asp/D)

  Negatively charged R groups

  
• Glutamate (Glu/E)

  Negatively charged R groups

  
• Irreversible enzymes in glycolysis

  hexokinase/ glucokinase

  Phosphofructokinase (PFK 1)

  pyruvate kinase
• rate limiting enzymes in glycolysis

  Phosphofructokinase 1
• regulation of PFK-1 when glycolysis for energy

  inhibited- ATP and citrate

  stimulated- AMP
• regulation of PFK-1 when glycolysis for glycogen, fatty acids, and other storage molecules

  inhibited- glucagon (inhibits PFK-2 lowering fruc 2,6, bisP)

  stimulated- insulin (stimulates PFK-2 raising f2,6,bisphos)
• high energy intermediates in glycolysis

  1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

  phosphoenolpyruvate
• purpose of fermentation in mammal

  in the absence of oxygen, NADH oxidized to NAD+ to replenish the coenzyme for glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
• rate limiting enzyme in fermentation

  lactate dehydrogenase
• purpose of fermentation in yeast

  conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide replenishing NAD+
• products into glycolysis


  2 ATP

  1 glucose

  2 NAD+
• products out of glycolysis

  4 ATP (net 2)

  2 pyruvate

  2 NADH
• ATP per glucose from glycolysis


  9
• what does a right oxygen saturation curve mean?

  increased oxygen unloading in tissues
• what causes a right shift in o2 curve?

  high 2,3 BPG

  low pH

  hight h+ concentration

  High pCO2
• purpose of pyruvate dehydrogenase

  to convert pyruvate to acetyl coA for TCA
• reactants into pyruvate dehydrogenase


  NAD+

  CoA-SH

  Pyruvate
• products out of pyruvate dehydrogenase


  NADH

  Acetyl CoA

  CO2