PHYSCI 14.1

• Empedocles


  Greek philosopher who argued that all things are made up of four elements: fire, air, water, and earth
• Democritus


  Greek philosopher who proposed the existence of small indivisible pieces of matter called 'atomos'
• John Dalton


  British scientist who constructed and developed the first version of the Atomic Theory
• Aristotle's View on Motion

  He believed there are two forms of motion: natural and violent
• Natural motion


  • An object moves upward and downward due to the weight of the matter, heavier things fall faster than lighter things
• Violent motion


  • A product of pushing or pulling caused by humans, can be either voluntary or involuntary
• Galileo's Law of Motion


  All bodies move and accelerate regardless of size and mass
• Galileo's observations on motion

  • Development of the concept of velocity using inclined planes
  • Development of the idea of force that causes the motion of an object
  • Being at rest is the natural state of an object
  • Inertia is the resistance of an object to changes in its motion
• Newton's Laws of Motion


  Newton defined the relationship between motion and energy
• Newton's concepts

  • The principle of acceleration is the change in velocity that was induced by force
  • Inertia is the resistance in change of velocity that is proportional to the object's mass
  • Momentum is the quantified motion energy that is equivalent to the mass multiplied by the velocity
• Newton's Three Laws of Motion


  • All objects remain at rest or in uniform motion along a straight line unless acted by an external force
  • Object's velocity changes when subjected to an external force. Force is equal to change in momentum per time interval
  • An action force has always an equal and opposite reaction force
• Diurnal Motion

  Apparent movement of stars and other celestial bodies around Earth caused by Earth's rotation from west to east
• Annual Motion


  Apparent yearly movement of the sun across a background of stars caused by Earth's revolution around the Sun
• Ecliptic


  The projected pathway of the sun with regards to the stars
• Zodiac


  12 ancient constellations that appear as the sun appears through the ecliptic
• Precession


  The conical motion of Earth's axis as it spins, causing the axis to shift very slowly, completing one cycle every 26,000 years
• Motion of an object within the earth is called non-terrestrial motion.
• The ecliptic is the projected pathway of the sun with regards to the stars.
• An object at rest is in its natural form of motion.
• Newton's second law of motion says that the action or force in nature has an equal and opposite reaction.
• The involuntary motion refers to the ability of humans (as well as other animals) to move because they have the will or the capacity to do so.
• Precession is a form of nonterrestrial motion observed by the Greeks


  It could affect the astronomical events observable on Earth
• Empedocles, a Greek philosopher who used to live in Sicily from 492 BCE to 432 BCE, introduced the first theory in describing things that surround us. He argued that all things are made up of four elements, namely: fire, air, water, and earth.
• Democritus (460 BCE - 370 BCE), who is also Greek philosopher, proposed the presence of small pieces of matter atomos, which means 'indivisible'. He explained that atomos are eternal and indestructible.
• John Dalton, a British scientist, is responsible for constructing the details and developed the first version of the atomic theory.
• Aristotle introduced the concept of motion during the Greek era. He believed that there are two forms of motion, namely: natural and violent.
• Galileo was the first person to lay down laws of motion for objects with masses.
• Isaac Newton was able to develop the three laws of motion.
• Diurnal motion refers to the apparent movement of stars and other celestial bodies around the Earth.
• Annual motion refers to the apparent yearly movement of the sun across a background of stars.
• Precession refers to the conical motion of Earth's axis as it spins.