Ozzy

• Theo Gold: '"Communication is your ticket to success, if you pay attention and learn to do it effectively."'
• Conversation


  Interactive communication between two or more people
• Speech act


  An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect
• Speech acts are how you express yourself to communicate your wants and needs, to achieve a desired goal
• Functions carried out using speech acts

  • Giving opinion
  • Offering an apology
  • Greeting
  • Request
  • Complaint
  • Invitation
  • Compliment
  • Refusal
• We are attuned in everyday conversation not primarily to the sentences we utter to one another, but to the speech acts that those utterances are used to perform
• Nomination


  1. A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic

  2. Used to open a topic and start a conversation

  3. Employed at the beginning of interaction to set the purpose of conversation
• Nomination


  • "Have you heard about "the new normal?"
  • "I saw your TikTok post on Facebook. It's really great."
  • "What can you say about our new plan for the project? Do you think it will work?"
  • "You are the new student, right? Would you like me to tour you around the campus?"
• Avoid questions that are too personal or topics like politics and religion as they may make the person uncomfortable or cause disagreement
• Restriction


  Any limitation you may have as a speaker, used when responses need to be within set categories or instructions
• Restriction


  • Brainstorming on peer pressure or delivering a speech on digital natives in class
  • Answering questions about an accident at the police station
• Turn-taking


  The process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor
• Turn-taking


  • Making responses shorter yet informative
  • Using spoken cues like "What do you think?" or "You wanted to say something?"
  • Pausing as a nonverbal cue
• Listen to the other person talking instead of just waiting for your turn, to have a meaningful and productive conversation
• Topic control


  How procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations
• Topic control


  • Director managing communication and directing who may speak in a board meeting
  • Senate president presiding over a Senate session and Senators asking permission to speak
  • Using expressions like "Okay, so much for that... Let's go back to the topic." to keep the conversation focused
• Topic shifting


  Moving from one topic to another
• Topic shifting


  • Using conversational transitions like "By the way...", "Before I forget...", "Which reminds me of"
  • Using expressions like "Moving on to the next topic...", "Now, let's talk about...", "This time, let me tell you about..." in a report presentation
• Topic shifting requires good timing, shifting when the topic is adequately discussed or there is a pause in conversation
• Repair


  How speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they encounter in a conversation
• Repair


  • Recasting or changing the form of message using "What I mean is..." or "What I am trying to say is that..."
  • Repeating statements using "Let me repeat myself.", "Again...", "I would like to reiterate that..."
  • Requesting clarification, repetition, definition, translation or explanation using "I am sorry but what do you mean by 'new normal'?", "Does it mean that we do not need to come to school if there are no face-to-face classes?", "Can you please repeat the last part of the instructions?", "Doc, can you please explain what a ferritin test is?", "Could you please clarify your state?"
• Termination


  The conversation participants' close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation
• Termination


  • "It's nice catching up with you. I must be going."
  • "Thanks for your time. See you around."
  • "Regards to your wife. See you soon."
• The topic initiator or the person who opened the topic takes responsibility to signal the end of the discussion
• Communicative competence


  Achieved by considering speech context, speech style, speech act and communicative strategies
• Speech context


  • Intrapersonal
  • Interpersonal
  • Public
• Intrapersonal communication


  Communication with oneself, basic form of communication where the 'self' is the only consideration
• Interpersonal communication


  Sharing experiences with others, transmission of messages deliberately extended to others
• Public communication


  Addresses many people, communicating to a crowd or large group
• Speech context


  Accounts for the background and purpose of a discourse, considers the type of audience, circumstances and setting
• Speech style


  • Intimate
  • Casual
  • Consultative
  • Formal
  • Frozen
• Intimate speech style


  Communication between or among family members, private or confidential
• Casual speech style


  Communication between friends and acquaintances, comfortable and at ease with one another
• Consultative speech style


  Means of communication is giving pieces of advice, as between a guidance counselor and client
• Formal speech style


  Well-planned in terms of structure, sequence and coherence of ideas
• Frozen speech style


  Activities which are not changeable in nature, routinely done and rarely altered
• Speech act


  Refers to the utterance (Locutionary Act), intention (Illocutionary Act) and response (Perlocutionary Act) to a specific situation for an intended discourse impact
• Speech act example


  • "May I use your pen?" - Locutionary act is the utterance, Illocutionary act is the implied request, Perlocutionary act is the actual handing over of the pen
• People may be able to accomplish many things with words and may be able to change status, relationships, and commitments
• Tactful word choice is necessary as words may easily be misunderstood