tcw

• Migration


  The movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semi-permanent residence
• Immigration


  Migration happening as an inflow of people into a country
• Emigration


  Migration happening as an outflow from a country
• Key migration concepts


  • Country of destination
  • Country of origin
  • Integration
  • International migration
  • Irregular migration
  • Labor migration
  • Migrant stock
  • Migrant worker
  • Regular migration
  • Reintegration
  • Remittances
  • Social remittances
• Globalization has changed the ways in which people live their lives, increased access to goods, services and lifestyles, and enabled exchanges between people of different nations and cultures
• Push factors


  • Political corruption
  • Poverty
  • Violence
  • Gender inequality
  • Inaccessibility of healthcare
  • Substandard education
  • Climate change
• Pull factors


  • Better economic opportunities
  • Supportive institutions
  • Possibility of family reunification
  • Better healthcare
  • Quality education
  • Gender equity
• Push and pull factors

  • Economic, political, cultural and environmental in nature
• Populations in lower-income countries have a wider, younger base while higher-income countries are usually composed of an older populace
• Higher income countries need more migrants from lower-income ones to prevent their economy from stagnating
• Push factors


  • A chance to be reunited with one's own family overseas
  • Extra-judicial killings and human rights violations
  • Violent invasion of one country by another resulting to war
  • The PhilHealth 15 billion-peso scandal
• Pull factors


  • Better treatment for the LGBTQ community
  • Policies that implement a more generous maternity leave
  • 10) A more conducive business climate for aspiring entrepreneurs
• Demographic factors


  • Higher percentage of old or ageing population
  • A population with a large, working force aged 20-60 years old
  • Women of child-bearing age who postpone having children
• Marital status


  One of the most common motivations that drive individuals to migrate
• Life cycle


  Motivations that stem from or are related to a person's development
• Household


  A very significant motivation for people as they participate mainly in the decision making
• Networks


  Social connections that facilitate the experiences of migrants
• Neither factors nor motivations singularly account for the actions of a migrant; it is always a combination of the interaction between large scale factors and small scale motivations
• Benefits of migration


  • Economic growth in countries of destination
  • Increased remittances for countries of origin
  • Reduction of unemployment
  • Addressing tax deficits
  • Improved immigration and emigration policies
  • Institutionalization of migration facilitation
  • Improved diplomacy and international relations
• Detriments of migration


  • Lowering of wages
  • Brain drain
  • Care drain
  • Worsening of income gap
  • Exploitation of migrants
  • Disruption of family life
  • Xenophobia and discrimination
  • Increased burden on public services
• Issues of Migration and Migrants

  • Benefits
  • Detriments
• Economic


  • Economic growth in countries of destination from filling up job vacancies and skill gaps
  • Countries of origin will benefit largely from increased remittances from migrants
  • Reduction of unemployment
  • Tax deficits can be addressed because of new tax payers
  • Increase in number of workers may lead to lowering of wages
  • Brain drain (highly trained or intelligent people emigrate)
  • Care drain (emigration of women as healthcare workers)
  • Income gap in communities may worsen as more people increase their wealth compared to those who do not benefit from migration
• Political


  • Immigration and emigration policies may be improved
  • Institutionalization: more and more government agencies participate in the facilitation migration
  • Diplomacy and international relations may be improved to sustain growth brought about by migration
  • Aversion of possible conflicts, even wars, due to the presence of migrants
  • Improvement of policies may leave out irregular migrants
  • Institutionalization may become more expensive and cumbersome for poorer people; more opportunities for corruption
  • Increased diversity may breed conflict and make peacekeeping more difficult and complicated in countries of destination
  • Governments may be too dependent on the benefits of migration instead of pursuing development programs
• Socio-cultural


  • Migrants can develop new perspectives and improved doing of things in their lives
  • Cultural diversity is developed in countries of destination
  • Families left behind are able to experience or consume new things
  • Social remittances such as innovations, skills, new ways of thinking, or even development initiatives in countries of origin
  • Problems with integration like racism, prejudice and discrimination
  • Exploitation, especially of irregular migrants who are less protected by the law
  • Care drain as more mothers leave their children back at home
  • Erosion of local cultures due to foreign influences in the form of financial and social remittances
• Psychological


  • Possibility for migrants to improve their skill sets and identity
  • Resilience in the presence of foreigners
  • Migrants may develop new worldviews due to increased contact with a diverse group of people
  • Family reunification may improve mental health due to feelings of belongingness and better community relations upon return
  • Role confusion and identity crisis leading to low levels of self-esteem
  • Fear and anxiety over xenophobia and discrimination
  • Feelings of homesickness or nostalgia
  • Insecurity or possibility of trauma due to the needed adjustments to a new life abroad, which may impede integration
  • Feelings of estrangement upon return which makes reintegration more difficult and stressful
• Although not an exhaustive list, the table above gives us a good overview on the pros and cons of migration as a phenomenon and the positive and negative experiences of migrants
• For a better learning experience from which we can relate to, let us now look at the issues of migration through the lens of the OFW phenomenon
• Participation from the government, NGOs, schools and individual households is needed to help family members cope up with the challenges brought about by migration so that we could minimize the social costs of it and maximize the economic benefits
• When a country's population structure has a large base, it is usually poor
• Regular migration occurs outside the laws, governing the entry into or exit from the country of origin or destination
• The existence of migrant stocks is one of the main features of life cycle as a motivation for movement
• When an individual is single and not tied down to family life, he/she is free to move around through migration
• Migration inevitably disrupts the relationship of husband and wife
• The three main forms of care in parenting are moral, emotional and material
• Brain drain happens when there is an abundance of emigrating care workers, particularly women, who also leave their children behind
• When parents leave to work abroad and leave their children behind, they are forced to focus solely on material care
• Being in a long distance relationship is usually the reason behind marital infidelity among married migrant couples
• One of the most prevalent political detriments of migration is feelings of homesickness and nostalgia
• The base and peak of the population pyramid tell you about the quality of life of its citizens
• OFWs would want to work temporarily or stay permanently in a country with a large working section of the population