Human Body 1 Practical Exam Revision

• Buccal


  mouth
• Cervical


  neck region
• Axillary


  Relating to the armpit
• Thoracic


  Relating to the chest
• Femoral


  Relating to the thigh
• Cubital


  Anterior (inner) surface of elbow
• Flank


  Relating to the side of the body
• Deltoid


  Curve of the shoulder formed by deltoid muscle
• Occipital


  Relating to the back of the head
• Popliteal


  Relating to the back of the knee
• Lumbar


  Relating to the lower back
• Gluteal


  Relating to the buttocks
• Inferior


  Lower in position
• Anterior


  Towards the front
• Medial


  Towards the middle
• Superficial


  Nearer to the surface
• Proximal


  Nearer to the point of attachment
• HCl


  Hydrochloric acid, strong acid that decreases pH
• NaOH


  Sodium hydroxide, strong base that increases pH
• Buffer


  Chemical system that is designed to resist changes in H+ concentration
• pH


  Measure of acidity/basicity of a solution
• Acid


  Releases H+ ions in solution, decreases pH
• Base


  Accepts H+ ions in solution, increases pH
• Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system


  H2O + CO2 <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-
• ICF


  Intracellular fluid
• ECF


  Extracellular fluid
• Simple/passive diffusion


  • Spontaneous movement of molecules from high to low concentration in an attempt to produce equilibrium
  • Membranes have no effect
• Osmosis


  Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane to make proportion of water molecules on each side equal
• Osmosis vs simple diffusion


  • Osmosis involves movement of water, simple diffusion involves movement of any small molecule
  • Osmosis requires semi-permeable membrane
• Temperature increase on diffusion


  • Increases rate of diffusion through increased kinetic energy
  • Molecules move faster and evenly disperse at a faster rate
• Hypertonic


  Solution has higher solute concentration than cell, causes water to leave cell
• Hypotonic


  Solution has lower solute concentration than cell, causes water to enter cell
• Isotonic


  Solution has same solute concentration as cell, no net movement of water
• Osmotic pressure


  • Pressure caused by a difference in the amount of solutes between solutions seperated by semi-permable membrane
  • Pressure needed to stop the flow of osmosis
• Simple epithelium


  Single layer of cells
• Stratified epithelium


  Multiple layers of cells
• Epithelial vs connective


  
  

  • Epithelial: line surfaces of the body
  • Connective: binds together, protects and supports structures
• Formed elements of blood

  • Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• Haematocrit


  Percentage of red blood cells in blood
• Types of white blood cells

  • Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils