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• Social Relationship


  • Less intimate, with lesser self-disclosure involved
  • May still be exclusive
  • May demand certain levels of loyalty as in fraternities or religious organizations, and to a lesser extent, loosely knitted social clubs like practitioners of certain specialized professions
• Middle and late adolescents


  Usually find themselves in the company of their peers, usually from the school or the neighborhood
• From high school to college, adolescents


  Mature faster socially, and new lessons are learned especially on how their social interactions affirm their self-identity, increase their self-esteem, and develop their capacity to nurture relationships
• Social Influence


  Things such as behavior, actions, attitude, concepts, ideas, communications, wealth, and other resources that bring about changes in the beliefs, attitudes, and/or behavior of persons as a result of the action/s of another person
• Social Influence


  • Usually conducted through the use of power whether this was done authoritatively, coercively, suggestively, or by giving rewards
  • Happens as a result of interacting with other people who are perceived to be subject matter experts or of having similar persuasions as the ones being influenced
• French and Raven were able to conclude in that study how leadership and power are closely interlinked
• Varieties/Types of Social Influence (According to Herbert Kelman)

  • Compliance
  • Identification
  • Internalization
• Compliance


  When a person seems to agree, and follows what is requested or required of him or her to do or believe in, but does not necessarily have to really believe or agree to it
• Identification


  When a person is influenced by someone he or she likes or looks up to, like a movie star, a social celebrity, or a superhero
• Internalization


  When a person is able to own a certain belief or act, and is willing to make it known publicly and privately
• Other Types of Social Influence

  • Conformity
  • Informational Conformity
  • Normative Conformity
  • Conversion
  • Minority Influence
  • Reactance
  • Obedience
  • Persuasion
• Conformity


  • A type of social influence that involves a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to be like others
  • Most common and pervasive form of social influence
  • Very strong particularly among middle and late adolescents
  • Supported by the fact that an adolescent in this age group is most susceptible to a compelling need to seek approval from others and be accepted by them in order to become a friend and to belong to a social group
  • May lead to either positive or negative results, depending on the beliefs, intentions, and attitudes of the members of a group and the extent of their influence on an individual
  • Brought about by peer pressure, often imposed on members of a group to demonstrate some semblance of loyalty, which is often deemed as necessary to maintain one's relationship with the group
• Informational Conformity


  Occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people
• Normative Conformity


  Based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance
• Conversion


  • Occurs when an individual whole-heartedly changes his or her original thinking and beliefs, actions, and attitudes to align with those of the other members of a group
  • Also happens in a group when the original beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of the different members may have influenced each other to evolve into a new set of beliefs, attitudes, and behavior
  • Religious conversions are typical of this type of social influence where internalization happens to make the new set of beliefs, attitudes, and actions become one's own
• Minority Influence


  • Happens when a bigger number of people are influenced by a much smaller number of people and when the minority's way of looking at and doing things is accepted
  • May happen when the minority owns and wields power economically, politically, and socially; or if the majority are uninvolved and detached from issues
• Reactance


  • When there is a willing rejection of a social influence being exerted on an individual or group
  • Also known as anti- or non-conformity
  • A reverse reaction to some social influence that is being imposed by a person or a group on another
  • An adolescent who is being prevailed upon by the parents to stay at home during weekends and help in the house chores may react and develop a non-conforming behavior of not following his parents
  • Whether the influence is right or not, non-conformity is the rejection of such influence
• Obedience


  • Another form of social influence wherein a person follows what someone tells him or her to do, although it may not necessarily reflect the person's set of beliefs or values
  • Similar to compliance, obedience usually stems from either respect or fear of the authority figure
• Persuasion


  Used by one person or group to influence another to change their beliefs, actions, or attitudes by appealing to reason or emotion
• Career

  • A profession or occupation giving us multitudes of opportunities for promotion
  • Paid occupation, especially one that requires advanced education and training
  • Not simply a job, an employment to earn a livelihood
  • A job or profession or an employment can be called a career only when it gives opportunity for progress and advancement as human needs gradually change
  • A job or employment to be called as a career must offer adequate opportunities to satisfy or meet those changing needs
  • A job or profession must be dynamic enough to fulfill one's aspirations or ambitions before calling it a career in real terms
• Factors to Consider in Choosing Future Career

  • Intelligence
  • Personality
  • Interest
  • Special Aptitudes
  • Physique
  • Sex
• Intelligence


  • Comprises your I.Q., Social Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence (E.Q.)
  • Total intelligence is more important to be successful in life and career than simply having high I.Q.
• Personality


  • Introvert or Extrovert
  • Dominating personality or Submissive personality
  • If you are an Introvert, you should not select a career that needs people with extrovert nature; you may be too social or you prefer to be lonesome to do creative work
• Interest


  • All work is hard unless you care for it, show interest and have passion in it
  • Too much interest towards an occupation does not guarantee success in that field if other factors are also considered
• Special Aptitudes


  If one is good at art, it would be really miserable for him to take up a career where he has to work in a machine shop
• Physique


  • All jobs have varying degrees of physical activities and demands
  • The choice of a career should be made after carefully considering all the relevant facts associated with it
  • A man with poor health and heart problems should not engage in a career in the mountain brigade of the army
• Sex


  • As perceived men and women are socially and legally equal, but nature has given them different physique and capabilities too
  • Some careers are more well-suited to men than women
  • Some careers need an early entry to be successful for this may only result in frustration
• Influences on Career Decisions

  • Family
  • Friends
  • Culture
  • Teachers / Career Advisers
  • Media
• Family


  • Career selections and interests of their older brother or sister
  • Needs, opinions and work of their parents
  • Family work traditions or family aspirations for the future
  • Limits to your family's experience of different career choices
  • Negative beliefs like "He'll never amount to anything", or "I'm a failure and so is she"
• Friends


  • Pressure to form constant choice as them regarding careers and effort leaving school
  • Be good or poor role models
  • As a boyfriend or girlfriend, pressure them to settle on study or a job in their city
• Culture


  • Their neighborhood, ethnic group and social group
  • Popular culture like TV and movies
  • Role models – winning and famous individuals
  • Money – lack of money will limit choices
  • Government policy and economics both local and globally
• Teachers / Career Advisers


  • Inspire, motivate and inform them
  • Talent, skills and aptitudes for certain careers
  • Offer resources, work expertise opportunities and guidance
• Media


  • Online career websites, apps and newspapers
  • Career designing and assistance books
• Family Structure


  • Typically relates to the various aspects of a family like the size of the family, its form and composition, the relations within the members, and the way they are organized
  • Society today is changing and along with that change, the structure of a family is also evolving
  • The trend of a traditional family has subsided and more family types have emerged, including bi-racial, multi-racial family, extended family, single-parent family, adoptive family
• Categorization of Family Structure

  • Nuclear Family
  • Extended Family
  • Stepfamilies
• Nuclear Family


  • Most common form of family structure is often referred to as the nuclear family
  • For the longest time, this is considered as the standard among the different types of family structures
  • Also known as a "conjugal" family that includes a husband and a wife living together with their biological children
  • Historically, this family structure is commonly set as the ideal type of family
• Extended Family


  • A family unit that may include grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, and other relatives that live together in the same household
  • It is also called a Multi-generations household which includes at least three generations
• Stepfamilies


  • In the most basic sense, stepfamily is one where the parents from two different families decide to remarry to form a new family unit due to divorce or separation
  • It consists of a new mother or father and their children from previous relationships
• Types of Family Structure

  • Nuclear Family
  • Extended Family
  • Stepfamilies
  • Single Parent Family
  • Adoptive Family
  • Bi-Racial or Multi-Racial Family
  • Blended Family
  • Conditionally Separated Families
  • Foster Family
  • Gay or Lesbian Family
  • Immigrant Family
  • Migrant Family
• Nuclear Family


  Most common form of family structure, includes a husband and a wife living together with their biological children