DEV PSYCY V.2

• Fertilization


  Also known as conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to create a single cell called zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division
• Ovulation

  Rupture of mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum which occurs every month until menopause
• Dizygotic Twins

  Also known as Fraternal Twins, two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperms, can be same or different sex, may have genetic basis
• Monozygotic Twins


  Resulted from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical
• Heredity


  Genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)


  Long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
• Chromosomes

  Coils of DNA of smaller segments called genes
• Mitosis


  Cell division of non-sex cells
• Meiosis


  Cell division of sex cells
• Mutation


  Mistake in copying genetic code which creates permanent alteration in genetic material
• Autosomes


  Not affiliated to sexual expression
• Sex Chromosomes


  23rd pair which indicates the baby's sex (XX, female: XY, male)
• Alleles


  Produce alternative expressions of characteristics
• Homozygous


  If two alleles are the same
• Heterozygous


  If two alleles are different
• Dominant

  Allele that is always expressed or shows up as a trait in that person
• Recessive

  Usually doesn't show unless paired with another recessive trait
• Polygenetic Inheritance


  Interaction of several genes
• Phenotype


  Observable characteristics
• Genotype


  Underlying genetic makeup
• Epigenesis


  Environment can influence when and which genes turn on and off, refers to chemical molecules attached to a gene that alter the way a cell "reads" the gene's DNA, cells are susceptible to epigenetic modification during critical periods such as puberty and pregnancy
• Chromosomal Abnormalities


  • Down Syndrome
  • Klinefelter Syndrome
  • Fragile X Syndrome
  • Turner Syndrome
  • XXY Syndrome
• Gene-Linked Abnormalities


  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Diabetes
  • Hemophilia
  • Huntington's
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Sickle-Cell Anemia
  • Spina Bifida
  • Tay-Sachs Disease
  • Anencephaly
  • Polycystic Kidney Disease
  • Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency
  • Alpha Thalassemia
  • Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)
  • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
• Carriers


  Carry one bad copy of recessive gene and one good one
• Genotype-Environment Interaction


  Effects of similar environment conditions on genetically different individuals
• Genotype-Environment Correlation


  • Passive Correlations: parents tend to provide environment that encourages the development of that trait
  • Reactive or Evocative: children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others, other people react to the children's genetic makeup
  • Active: actively selects or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies
• Niche-Picking


  Tendency to seek out environments compatible with one's genotype
• Nonshared Environmental Effects


  Result from the unique environment in which each child in a family grows up
• Infertility


  Inability to conceive a child
• In Vitro Fertilization


  Eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
• Prenatal Diagnostic Tests


  • Ultrasound Sonography
  • Fetal MRI
  • Chorionic Villus Sampling
  • Amniocentesis
  • Maternal Blood Screening
• Gestation


  Period between conception and birth, between 37 and 41 weeks, gestational age dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle
• Cephalocaudal Principle


  Development proceeds from head to the lower extremities
• Proximodistal

  Development proceeds from the center to outer parts of the body
• Early Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy

  • Tender, Swollen breasts or nipples
  • Fatigue
  • Slight bleeding or cramping
  • Food Cravings
  • Nausea with or without vomiting
  • Frequent Urination
  • Frequent, Mild Headaches
  • Constipation
  • Mood Swings
  • Faintness and Dizziness
  • Raised Basal Body Temperature
• Germinal Stage

  From fertilization to about 2 weeks of gestational age, zygote enters into cell division (mitosis) while making its way to the fallopian tube, differentiation of cells, blastocyst forms and implants in uterine wall, trophoblast, ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm develop, amniotic sacs, placenta, and umbilical cord form
• Embryonic Period

  From 2 to 8 weeks (First 2 months), major body systems develop, critical period vulnerable to destructive influences, spontaneous abortion or stillbirth more likely for males
• Fetal Period


  From 8 weeks to Birth, appearance of first bone cells, rapid growth, finishing touches, breathe, kick, turn, facial expressions of pain at 36 weeks, responds to mother's voice, grasping reflex, 6 months or more fetuses can survive outside the womb
• Teratogen


  Environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development
• Teratology


  Field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects