Reproduction

• Reproduction


  A biological process by which "offspring" are produced from their "parent" or parents
• Types of reproduction


  • Sexual reproduction
  • Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction


  • Use of sex cells (gametes)
  • Involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
  • Genetic variability
• Asexual reproduction


  • Does not involve gametes, instead parts of a mature organic may develop to new individuals
  • Offspring is genetically identical to parent
• Examples of asexual reproduction


  • Binary fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
• Binary fission


  • Separation of the body into two new bodies
  • Common in single-celled organisms
  • Example: bacteria
• Budding


  • A new organism develops from an outgrowth from the parent body known as bud
  • Once grown, the new organism detaches from the parent body
  • Examples: hydra, corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, yeast
• Fragmentation


  • The parent body breaks into several pieces where each piece grows into a new individual
  • Examples: fungi, sea stars, worms, sponges, flatworms, molds
• Asexual reproduction in plants

  • Vegetative reproduction
• Vegetative reproduction


  A plant part such as stem, leaves, roots or turions are used to reproduce new plants
• Vegetative parts


  • Runners & stolons
  • Corms, bulbs & tubers
  • Suckers
  • Rhizomes
• Runners & stolons


  Long slender stems that grow along the surface of the soil
• Suckers


  Roots that could give rise to new plants
• Rhizomes


  Underground horizontal stems that are modified for storage & reproduction
• Corms, bulbs & tubers


  • Vertical underground stems which could also be propagated
  • Specialized for storage of food & reproduction which could be planted right away & become new plants
• Animal reproduction


  • Gametogenesis
  • Fertilization
  • Implantation
  • Gastrulation
  • Embryonic Stage
• types of vegetative propagation


  asexual seed, grafting, suckers, root cutting, division