26 key terms

• Interwar period

  After World War I, veterans became cruel and pacifist because they were used to the violence. Conflict remained after the war and President Wilson believed the League of Nations could solve it.
• Versailles Treaty

  Germany had to pay reparations (132 billion marks, $33 billion) but after a year they were unable to pay.
• Disillusionment


  The League of Nations was weak because the US did not join, wanting to be less involved in European affairs.
• Weimar Republic


  Formed after Germany's defeat in World War I, it faced many problems like being in debt from reparations, economic instability, conflict with countries like France, angry people because of inflation, and high death rates.
• French occupation of the Ruhr

  Because Germany wasn't able to pay reparations, the French used the Ruhr to collect reparations in kind by operating and using their mines and factories.
• Passive resistance


  Was financed by printing more paper money, resulting in intensified inflationary procedures that had already appeared in Germany at the end of the war.
• Hyperinflation


  Because of passive resistance, prices rose in shops, resulting in millions facing starvation.
• Beer Hall putsch


  The Nazi march on Berlin to overthrow the Weimar Republic, where the Nazis and Hitler staged and armed uprising in Munich. It was not successful; Hitler was arrested, put on trial for treason and went to prison for less than a year.
• Gustav Stresemann


  Formed a new government, ended passive resistance, stabilized currency, and ended extreme inflation.
• Dawes Plan (1924)


  Reduced Germany's reparations and stabilized their payments on the basis of its ability to pay. Also granted $200 million loan for German recovery.
• Treaty of Locarno (1925)


  Guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium, and allowed Germany to join the League of Nations.
• Kellogg-Briand pact (1928)


  63 nations that agreed to the pact pledged to renounce war as an instrument of national policy.
• Great Depression

  Stock market crash in October 1929 and downturn of domestic economies were causes.
• FDR's "New Deal"

  Active government intervention and creation of a variety of agencies designed to bring relief, recovery, and reform.
• Great Britain's response to unemployment


  Used balanced budgets and protective tariffs that reduced unemployment, but did not follow John Maynard Keynes' ideas to increase demand through public works.
• France's "Popular Front" government


  Combined socialists and radicals, created a program for workers called the French New Deal which helped unemployment but not the depression.
• Scandinavian countries' response


  Democratic socialist parties became head of government, encouraged development of rural and industrial cooperative enterprises, and provided old age pensions and unemployment insurance.
• Totalitarianism

  Extended the functions and power of the central state, expected active loyalty and commitment of its citizens to its goals, and used propaganda.
• Fascist Italy - Benito Mussolini "

  (created fascism)
• Fascist ideology

  Anticommunism, antistrick activity, and nationalist rhetoric
• March on Rome


  A successful march to seize power and govern Rome
• Fascio di combattimento (aka squadristi)


  A band of armed fascists Mussolini put together and tuned them loose in attacks on socialist offices and newspapers
• Il Duce


  Translation: the leader; Mussolini ruled as il duce by the end of 1926
• Lateran Agreement (1929)


  An attempt to gain support of the Catholic Church; It recognized the independence of Vatican City that was controlled by the church
• Nazism

  Racism, anti-semitism, nationalism
• National Socialist German Workers' Party (NAZI)

  The name Hitler changed the German Workers Party to after he gained total control
• Mein Kampf

  An autobiographical account of Hitler's movement and underlying ideology
• SA (Storm troops)

  Nazi's own police force or malitia; defended party in meeting halls and broke other meeting against the Nazis
• Lebensraum

  Living space
• How did the Great Depression help Hitler?


  People are desperate and went to Nazis
• Reichstag fire (February 1933)

  Communists were blamed for this and allowed Hitler to rise to power because people were scared
• Enabling Act (March 1933)

  Empowered Hitler to make constitutional reforms for 4 years
• Gleichschaltung


  The organization of all institutions under Nazi control
• "Night of the Long Knives" (June 1934)


  An attack targeting Ernst Rohm and other top SA leadership which allowed Hitler to succeed to Hindenburg
• SS (Protection Squads) and Gestapo


  Controlled all regular and secret police forces
• Der Furher (Fuhrerprinzip)


  The leadership principle: a single minded party under one leader
• Hitler Youth


  Fiercely committed bc it gave them the active politics they sought
• Nuremberg laws (September 1935)

  Excluded German Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages and relationships between Jews and Germans
• Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) – (November 1938)


  Assassination of a secretary in the German embassy by a Polish Jew was an excuse for a Nazi led destructive rampage against the Jews
• "war communism"

  Gov had nationalized transportation, communication facilities, banks, etc; took food from peasants