PurCom

• Communication


  The process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures
• Nature of communication


  • It is a process
  • It occurs between two or more people
  • It can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions, or both at the same time
• Elements of communication


  • Sender / speaker
  • Message
  • Encoding
  • Channel
  • Decoding
  • Receiver
  • Feedback
  • Context
  • Barrier
• Functions of communication


  • Control
  • Social interaction
  • Motivation
  • Emotional expression
  • Information
• Kinds of noise


  • Physical noise
  • Physiological noise
  • Psychological noise
  • Semantic noise
• Communication ethics


  • Completeness
  • Conciseness
  • Consideration
  • Concreteness
  • Courtesy
  • Clearness
  • Correctness
• Aristotle's model


  • Devised during 5 BC
  • A linear or one-way model
  • Focused on the speaker and the message
  • "Setting" dictates the message
  • The three settings were legal, deliberative, and ceremonial
• Shannon-Weaver model


  • Based off of the Telephone model
  • Gave the concept of "Noise" which hampers communication
  • Criticized for lacking the element of "feedback"
• Berlo's model


  • Based off of the Shannon-Weaver Model
  • Designed to improve technical communication
  • Emphasized concepts under each element of communication
• Schramm's model


  • Modified the Shannon-Weaver Model
  • Each person has a "field of experience" that should overlap for communication to take place
  • Introduced the concept of "feedback"
• White's model


  • Tells us that communication is circular and continuous and has no beginning nor end
  • Communication can be observed from any point in the cycle
• Helical model


  • Presents the concept of time where continuous communication process is important
  • Communication is dynamic
  • Communication progresses as an individual gets older and his experience and vocabulary increases
• Transactional model


  • Two-way and interactive process
  • A person can be the speaker and the receiver in a conversation. The roles of both communicators reverse each time in the communication process
  • The "noise" or problems in communication can happen at any point of the communication process
• Globalization


  • The process by which people and goods move easily across borders
  • An economic concept - the integration of markets, trade, and investments with few barriers to slow the flow of products and services between nations
  • A cultural element, as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated
• Globalization has speeded up enormously over the last half-century, thanks to great leaps in technology
• The internet has revolutionized connectivity and communication and helped people share their ideas much more widely, just as the invention of the printing press did in the 15th century
• Improvements in transport generally - faster ships, trains, and airplanes - have allowed us to move around the globe much more easily
• Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty
• Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also to cooperate with each other as never before
• While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as jobs and commerce move elsewhere
• Every step forward in technology brings with it new dangers
• While many have been lifted out of poverty, not everybody has benefited
• Globalization operates mostly in the interests of the wealthiest countries, with most of the world's corporate profits flowing back to them and into the pockets of those who already own the most
• Effects of globalization on global communication

  • Increased business opportunities
  • Fewer cultural barriers
  • Creation of a global village
• World English


  Term for emerging localized or indigenized varieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in territories influenced by the United Kingdom or the United States
• Kachru's three circles of English

  • Inner circle (UK, US etc.) - 'norm-providing'
  • Outer circle (mainly New Commonwealth countries) - 'norm-developing'
  • Expanding circle (which includes much of the rest of the world) - 'norm-dependent'
• Varieties of language


  • Pidgin
  • Creole
  • Regional dialect
  • Minority dialect
  • Indigenized varieties
• Register


  The way a speaker uses language differently in various circumstances, determined by factors as social, occasion, context, purpose and audience
• Five distinct registers


  • Frozen
  • Formal
  • Consultative
  • Casual
  • Intimate
• Formal language register


  More appropriate for professional writing and letters to a superior, impersonal, without emotion that is intended for a specific person/s with a specific purpose
• Informal language register


  Conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well
• Challenges of intercultural communication

  • Use of different language
  • Results of intercultural miscommunication and misunderstanding
  • Lack of shared knowledge, beliefs and cultural diversity
  • It is more complicated to arrive at the inference or interpretation of meanings
• Approaches to studying intercultural communication


  • Need to be aware or conscious of other cultures especially those that you will visit so you can avoid offending people
  • Due to misinterpretations, miscommunications occur
  • All cultures are equal albeit, sometimes difficult to understand
  • No culture is superior or inferior to another
  • Appreciate cultural diversities and learn to live with them
  • People have different languages, lifestyles and ways of thinking, speaking and behaving
• Multimodal text


  A text that creates meaning by combining two or more modes of communication, such as print, the spoken word, sound, and images
• Modes of multimodal text

  • Linguistic
  • Visual
  • Gestural
  • Spatial
  • Aural
• Examples of multimodal text

  • Graphic novels
  • Websites
  • Film
  • Video games
  • Infographics
  • Advertisements
• Types of multimodal text

  • Print-based
  • Digital
• Semiotic


  Involves the use of signs, marks, and symbols
• Visual


  • Involves the use of color, layout, style, size, and perspective
• Gestural


  About movement and how we interpret it