GEN BIO

• One of the most important concepts in biology

  Reproduction
• ability of one cell to reproduce itself means the reproduction of a new individual

  Unicellular organisms
• Other terms for reproduction

  Procreation and breeding
• Biological process by which new individual organisms - "offspring" - are produced from their "parents"

  Reproduction
• Two types of Reproduction

  Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
• Offspring are produced from a single parent

  Asexual Reproduction
• Types of Asexual Reproduction

  (S) SPORES

  (B) BINARY FISSION

  (V) VEGATATIVE PROPAGATION

  (B) BUDDING

  (F) FRAGMENTATION
• structures naturally grown as part of an organism's life

  Spores
• occurs at the cellular level

  Binary Fission
• reproduce without the aid of seeds or spores

  Vegatative Propagation
• an entirely new organism grows on an existing one

  Budding
• an organism physically splits abd develops new, genetically identical organisms out of each segment

  Fragmentation
• type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete with single set if chromosomes combines with another

  Sexual Reproduction
• Most common life cycle in multicellular organisms

  Sexual Reproduction
• Reproductive Cells

  Gametes
• Gametes are also

  Sex Cells and Reproductive Cells
• One set of chromosomes

  Haploid Cells
• Two sets of chromosomes

  Diploid Cells
• Sperm and Ova

  Types of Gametes
• 2 Types of gamete formation

  Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
• process of male gamete production in animals

  Spermatogenesis
• process of female gamete production in animals


  Oogenesis
• Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

  1. It allows for rapid populating
  2. It does not require mobility
  3. It does need mates
  4. It is friendly to the environment
  5. It is pretty handy in case of emergency
  6. It does not require any true any true investment
• Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

  1. It hinders diversity
  2. It poses some inheritance issues
  3. It can lead organisms to being prone to more extinction
  4. It carries problems with population control
  5. It causes organisms to not being able to adapt
• Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

  1. Produces genetic variation in the offspring
  2. The species can adapt to new environments
  3. A disease is less likely to affect individuals in population
• Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

  1. Time and energy are needed to find a mate
  2. It is not possible for an isolated individual to reproduce
• Modifies stem in vegetative propagation

  TUBER (potato)

  RUNNER (bermuda grass, strawberry plants)

  CORM (gladiolus)

  RHIZOME (sugar cane, ginger, taro)

  BULB (onion, garlic)
• new shoots arise from axillary bud on swollen, short, fleshy, underground stem.

  TUBER
• new plants arise at nodes of above ground horizontal stem

  RUNNER
• new plants arise from very short, thickened, underground stem with thin, scaly leaves

  CORM
• new plants arise at nodes of underground horizontal rootlike stem

  RHIZOME
• new bulbs arise from axillary bud on very short stem with thick fleshy leaves

  BULB
• Methods of Vegatative Plant Propagation

  CUTTING (grapes and apples)

  BUDDING AND GRAFTING (oranges)

  TISSUE CULTURE (orchids, potatoes, many house plants)
• Leaves or pieces of stems or roots are cut from one plant, planted in soil, and used to grow new individuals

  CUTTING
• Small stems from one plant are attached to larger stems or roots of another plant

  BUDDING AND GRAFTING
• Pieces of tissue from one plant are placed on sterile medium and used to grow new individuals in mass number

  TISSUE CULTURE
• common known as the flowering plants

  ANGIOSPERMS
• pollen grains that later on develop from the microspores

  MALE GAMETOPHYTE
• embryo that sac that develops from a megaspore

  FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE
• MALE ORGANS OF GUMAMELA

  STAMEN

  ANTHER

  FILAMENT