science

• neutrons are neutral particles
• the nucleus is the centre of an atom where protons and neutrons are found
• protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge
• electrons are negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus
• electrons and protons are surrounded by an invisible force called electric field
• particles with the same charges repel while particles with opposite charges attract
• the outermost shell or orbit holding only one particle is known as valence shell
• electrostatic charging is a process by which an insulator or insulated conductor receives a net charge
• when two insulated objects are rubbed together the electrons of one can transfer to the other and cause an electrical charge known as charging by friction
• a charge object is brought close to but does not touch the uncharged object this is charging by induction
• when positively charge objects comes into direct contact with the negatively or positively charged object some electrons of that material transfer to the neutrally charged object this is known as charging by conduction
• conduction occurs only when the objects have direct contact with each other
• grounding is the process of providing a low resistance path for excess electrical charges to travel to the earth
• temperature refers to the relative hotness or coldness of an object
• the units for temperature is kelvin celsius and fahrenheit 
• the units used in measuring heat are joule newton-meter and kilocalorie
• when there is no longer a net heat transfer between the objects in thermal contact it means they have acquired the same temperature and are in thermal equilibrium
• radiation transfers heat energy through electromagnetic waves thus it does not require a medium
• peninsula is a body of land surrounded by water but connected to larger land mass
• a straight is a narrow passage of water that links two larger water forms it is situated between two separate landforms
• a channel refers to the deepest part of a narrow strength of water
• a gulf forms when a portion of land near a body of water breaks and creates a gap
• a bay is an extension of a larger body of water it is partly surrounded by a land and is commonly smaller than a gulf
• coal is the biggest source of fuel for the production of electricity
• petroleum is named as black gold one of the world's most important sources of energy
• natural gas is a clean source of energy
• subbituminous coal is the most common type of coal in the philippines
• the troposphere is the lowest thermal subdivision of the atmosphere
• the stratosphere includes the ozone layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation
• mesosphere is the coldest point in the atmosphere
• thermosphere or ionosphere is very important for radio wave transmission
• the first three atmospheric layers are separated by boundaries known as pauses
• stratopause separates stratopshere and mesosphere
• sea breeze refers to the main wind movement that blows from the sea towards the land at daytime
• land breeze occurs at night time when the air above the land flows towards the sea
• the monsoons or seasonal winds are directional changes in the flow of dominant winds of a region
• the monsoons produced the wet and the dry seasons in tropical countries
• north east monsoon or amihan is dry season
• southwest monsoon or habagat is the wet season
• intertropical convergence zone is a region in the atmosphere where hot and cold trade winds