Translations

• Translation is a process of translating an RNA nucleotide sequences into a sequence of amino acids.
• Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
• Bacterial cells have 60 different tRNAs, while mammalian cells have 100-110 different tRNAs
• Proteins plays an important role in cell function specifically (catalytic proteins-enzyme and structural protein)
• Proteins is a polymer of amino acids, which are linked by peptide bonds forming polypeptide chain
• Genetic Code is a collection of codons/instruction contained that tells what amino acid to make when a specific codon (a triplet nucleic acid) encode a single amino acid with specific name.
• Degenerate code pertains to encoding a single amino acid with multiple codons
• Anticodon is a triplet nucleic acid contained in tRNA that is complementary to the codon on mRNA
• 2 Types of codons in mRNA: Start codon and stop codon
• Start codon is a triplet nucleic acid that signifies the starting point of translation with AUG
• Stop codon is a triplet nucleic acid that signifies the termination/end point of translation with UAA, UAG, and UGA
• Reading frame refers to the specific triplet nucleotide sequence in mRNA (codons), and its corresponding sequence in tRNA(anticodons), which are read in groups of three nucleotides during translation maintaining the correct reading frame ensures that translation begins and ends at the appropriate nucleotide, allowing for accurate protein synthesis.
• Release Factor is a type of factor protein in translation that recognize stop codon and cleaved the finished growing polypeptide chain in tRNA by modifying the ribosome to activate ribozymes(had an ability of catalytic activity).
• As the cleaving finished by release factor, the ribosome dissociated into 2 subunit and free to form further initiation step in translation