UTS

• Personality


  Characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person, making each of us unique and differentiating us from others
• Three forces in the study of personality

  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
  • Trait
• Psychoanalysis


  • Personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control
• Key features that shape personality (Sigmund Freud)

  • Role of early experiences
  • The unconscious - part of the mind that is rarely accessible to awareness but has a great influence on behavior
  • Emotions
  • Sex and aggression
• Levels of mental life (Sigmund Freud)

  • Unconscious
  • Preconscious
  • Conscious
• Ego


  Cuts across the various topographic levels and has conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components. Deals with moral implications of actions, claims for perfection, and moral principle
• Superego


  Both preconscious and unconscious. Deals with decision making, is reasonable, and follows the reality principle
• Id


  Completely unconscious, consists of instincts and urges, and follows the pleasure principle
• Psychoanalytic defense mechanisms


  • Repression
  • Projection
  • Sublimation
  • Displacement
  • Denial
  • Regression
  • Reaction Formation
• Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Psychology


  • Looked at the primitive urges of the unconscious more positively and argued that they represented a more general and positive life force that encompasses an inborn drive motivating creativity and a more positive resolution of conflict
• Levels of the mind (Carl Jung)

  • Conscious
  • Personal unconscious
  • Collective unconscious
• Archetypes


  Universal symbol representation of a particular person, object, or experience such as good and evil
• Anima/Animus


  Anima = Feminine, Animus = Masculine, the opposite gender qualities and attributes of the psyche represent 'true self', Combination = Syzygy
• The Shadow


  The dark side of the psyche consisting of repressed memories, ideas, emotions, weaknesses, desires, and instincts that represent wildness, chaos, and the unknown
• The Self


  Unification of the conscious and unconscious, individuation and self-actuation containing all aspects of an individual
• Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology


  • Presents an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest, a feeling of oneness with all humankind. The primary human motivation is striving for superiority, not in terms of superiority over others, but in a quest for self-improvement and perfection
• Compensation


  We tend to adapt or improve ourselves to compensate for our lack of abilities and intelligence
• Overcompensation


  When we overly compensate for our weaknesses or simply deny them, leading to an inferiority complex or superiority complex
• Early social relationships with parents have an important effect on children's ability to grow feelings of personal intensity and instead of themselves toward attaining more
• Humanistic Approach to Personality


  • Emphasizes people's inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning
• Client-Centered Theory


  Believed that people start out in life with positive feelings about themselves but these feelings are continually eroded by the significant people in their lives: friends, teachers, family, etc.
• Self-Concept


  How we see ourselves, perception and awareness of our abilities, behavior and personality. 2 types: real self and ideal self
• Self-Actualization


  A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way
• Unconditional Positive Regard


  An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does. Gives people the opportunity to evolve and grow both cognitively and emotionally and to develop more realistic self-concepts
• Conditional Positive Regard


  Opposite of Unconditional Positive Regard
• According to the view of Rogers, people have a basic need to be loved and respected. If you receive unconditional positive regard from others, you will develop a more realistic self-concept
• Abraham Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory


  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs concept assumes that lower-level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators. Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization
• Paul T. Costa and Robert McCrae


  • Developed the Big Five or Five-Factor Model, which describes five universal and widely agreed upon dimensions of personality
• Self-care


  The ability to care for oneself through awareness, self-control, and self-reliance in order to achieve, maintain, or promote optimal health and well-being
• Health Psychology


  • Investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
• Health Psychologists


  Study prevention and how healthier behavior can help people avoid and reduce health problems such as stress and heart disease. Recognize that good health and the ability to cope with illness are affected by psychological factors such as thoughts, emotions, and the ability to manage stress
• Stress


  The body's natural response to any physical, mental, and emotional stimuli that personally affects us, and which usually happens in our daily lives
• Stressors


  Any circumstances, events, or things that give us stress, and our attempts to overcome stress may produce biological and psychological responses that result in health problems
• Stress response


  The way people respond to stress
• Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe


  • Suggest that any life event that requires people to change, adapt or adjust would likely result in stress. What stresses you out, may not stress me out, and vice versa. For people to consider an event stressful, they must perceive it as threatening or challenging and must feel like they lack all the resources to deal with it effectively
• Categorizing stress


  • Cataclysmic Events Stressors
  • Personal Stressors
  • Background Stressors
• The high cost of stress


  • Exposure to stressors generates a rise in hormone secretions, an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, and can promote deterioration of body tissues such as blood vessels and the heart. Ultimately, we become more susceptible to disease as our ability to fight off infection is lowered
• Psychophysiological Disorders


  Disorders in which psychological factors play a significant role in the onset, severity, exacerbation, or maintenance of a physical illness
• Cataclysmic Event Stressors


  • Natural disasters
  • Accidents
  • Terrorist attacks
• Personal Stressors


  Major life events such as death of a loved one, loss of job, etc. They produce an immediate major reaction that may soon go away.