Chapter 1 - States of Matter

• Matter


  Has mass and occupies space
• Forms of matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Kinetic theory of particles

  • Matter is made up of atoms, tiny particles, molecules
  • Constant random motion
• Properties of solid, liquid, gas


  • Arrangement of particles: regular (solid), random (liquid, gas)
  • Separation of particles: touching (solid, liquid), apart (gas)
  • Type of motion: vibrate at fixed position (solid), slide over each other (liquid), random (gas)
  • Density: high (solid), medium (liquid), low (gas)
  • Volume: fixed (solid, liquid), variable (gas)
  • Shape: fixed (solid), variable (liquid, gas)
• State changes of matter

  1. Melting: solid to liquid

  2. Sublimation: solid to gas

  3. Freezing: liquid to solid

  4. Boiling/evaporation: liquid to gas

  5. Condensation: gas to liquid

  6. Desublimatation: gas to solid
• Melting


  Particles gain energy, vibrate faster, distance between particles become further, break the attraction force
• Boiling/evaporation

  Particles gain energy, move faster, high energy particles break the attraction force and escape from the surface of the liquid
• Condensation


  Particles lose energy, vibrate slower, distance between particles become closer, form attraction force back
• Freezing


  Particles lose energy, move closer, form attraction force back, gas condenses into liquid
• Heating curve shows temperature changes during state changes
• Impurities affect the melting and boiling points of a substance
• Altitude affects the boiling point of a liquid
• As temperature increases


  The volume of a gas increases
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles from high concentration region to low concentration region
• Factors affecting rate of diffusion

  • Temperature
  • State of matter
• Gases diffuse the fastest
• Particles have no fixed positions or shapes but occupy all available space.
• The kinetic theory explains the behavior of gases.
• Gas particles are constantly moving, colliding with one another, and exerting pressure on their surroundings.
• Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction or repulsion that exist between molecules.