Sem 4 physio

• Hormone Action


  • Stimulatory Factor
  • Inhibitory Factor
• Growth Hormone


  • DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
  • Increase mobilisation of fatty acid (increase FA in blood)
  • Decrease glucoses utilisation (conserve CHO)
  • Increase in metabolic rate, lean body mass and decrease body fat
  • Increase linear growth and bone thickness
• GH stimulatory.

  • Decrease glucose and ffa Fasting and starvation
  • Stress and exercise
  • α-adrenergic agonist
  • Stage III and IV sleep
  • Hormones of puberty
• gh inhibitor

  • Increase glucose n ffa.
  • Obesity and senescence
  • β-adrenergic agonist
  • Pregnancy
• Stimulatory Factor


  • GHRH
  • Ghrelin (hormone from stomach)
• Inhibitory Factor


  Somatostatin (GHIH), somatomedin (IGF), growth hormone
• Thyroid Hormone


  • BMR: increase Na-K ATPase, O2 consumption. heat production, BMR
  • Metabolism: increase glucose absorption. glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
  • CVS: increase cardiac output, heart rate and contractility, SV
  • Nervous system: maturation of CNS
  • Increase bone growth
• Increase thyroid hormone


  • TSH, thyroid-stimulating-immunoglobulin
  • Pregnancy
  • Cold (infant only)
  • Physical and emotional stress
  • Starvation
  • Infection
  • Iodine deficiency
• Adrenocorticol Hormone (ACTH)


  • Mineralcorticoid H (aldosterone): Increase Na+ reabsorption and H+ & K+ secretion
  • Glucocorticoid H (cortisol n corticosterone): Gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, lipolysis
  • Decrease glucose utilisation
  • Decrease insulin sensitivity
  • Inhibit inflammatory response
  • Suppress immune response
  • Enchase vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
  • Inhibit bone formation
  • Increase GFR
  • Adrenal androgen: Female - growth of pubic hair and axillary, stimulate libido; Male - same as testosterone
• Decrease blood cortisol level

  • Stress
  • hypoglycemia, surgery
  • ADH
  • α-adrenergic agonist and β-adrenergic antagonist
  • Serotonin
  • CRH
• Increase blood cortisol level

  • Aldosterone: Increase K+ intake, decrease Na+ intake
  • Standing, anxiety
  • Haemorrhage
  • Somatostatin
  • Opioids
• Insulin


  • Increases glucose uptake into cells, glycogen formation, protein synthesis, fat deposition, K+ uptake into cells by increasing Na-K+ ATPase
  • Decreases glycogenolysis,gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
  • Decrease blood glucose, blood FA & ketoacids and amino acid concentration
• Increased glucose amino acid, fatty acid and ketoacid concentration

  • Glucagon
  • Cortisol Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and acetylcholine
  • Potassium
  • Vagal stimulation;
  • Sulfonylurea drugs
  • Obesity
• insulin inhibitors

  • Insulin
  • Fasting
  • Exercise
  • Somatostatin
  • α-Adrenergic agonists Diazoxide
• Glucagon


  • Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketoacid formation
• Increased amino acid concentration (especially arginine)

  • Fasting
  • Decreased glucose concentration
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK) and acetylcholine
  • Exercise
  • β-Adrenergic agonists
• Decreased glucagon


  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
  • Increased fatty acid and ketoacid concentration
• ADH


  • Increase water permeability and conserve water
  • Stimulate thirst
  • Increasee Na+ reabsorption
  • Arteriolar vasoconstriction
  • Increase plasma osmolarity (hyperosmolarity)
  • Decrease plasma volume / ECF vol (hypovolemia)
  • Decrease blood pressure
• Increase plasma osmolarity


  • Hypoglycemia
  • Angiotensin II
  • Nicotine and opiates
  • Pain
• Decrease plasma osmolarity


  • Ethanol
  • α-adrenergic agonist
  • ANP
• Oxytocin


  • Uterine contraction
  • Milk ejection (contraction of myoepithelial cells)
  • Promotion of maternal behaviour
• Stimulatory factors for oxytocin

  • Baby sucking
  • Signs, sound or smell of infant
  • Dilation of cervix
• Inhibitory factor for oxytocin


  Opioids
• Hormone Hyper-secretion


  • Gigantism (before puberty)
  • Acromegaly (in adulthood)
• Hormone Hypo-secretion


  • Dwarfism (in childhood)
  • In adulthood
• Gigantism


  • Epiphyseal growth plate not closed yet, still has linear growth
  • Extraordinary tall
• Acromegaly


  • Epiphyseal growth plate already closed
  • No linear growth but increase bone thickness
  • Enlarge hand, tongue
• Dwarfism


  • Short stature, poor developed ms, excess sc fat
  • If panhypopituitary: does not pass puberty or level adult sexual function
  • If on GH deficiency: develop sexual maturity and can reproduce
• Hypo-secretion in adulthood


  • Growth is complete but reduce skeletal ms mass and strength, bone density
  • Cardiac failure
• Thyroid Hormone Hyper-secretion Symptoms

  • Excessive sweat, muscle weakness
  • Reduce body weight and increase HR
  • Excessive mental alertness, emotional
  • Exophthalmus (inflammation and swelling of eye ms and fat behind eye)
• Grave's disease


  • Autoimmune disorder where produce thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) which promote growth of thyroid gland and stimulate TH secretion
  • TSI not subject to -ve feedback inhibition to TH
  • High TSI, low TSH but high TH, goiter
• Excessive TSH secretion


  From hypothalamic or ant pituitary defect, accompanied goiter
• Overactivity of thyroid


  • In grave disease accompanied goiter
  • In absence of overstimulation like thyroid tumour, not accompanied by goiter
• Thyroid Hormone Hypo-secretion Symptoms

  • Reduce BMR, gain excessive weight, slow and weak pulse
  • Diminished mental alertness
• Myxoedema


  Puffy appearance
• Cretinism


  Mental retardation
• Thyroid gland failure or lack of iodine

  Accompanied goiter
• Secondary to hypothalamic or ant pituitary defect failure

  Not accompanied by goiter
• Adrenocorticol Hormone Hyper-secretion Symptoms

  • Aldosterone: hypertension (pressure natriuresis and pressure diuresis), hypokalaemia (ms weakness), metabolic alkalosis
  • Cortisol: hyperglycaemia, ms wasting, round face, buffalo hump, striae, osteoporosis, hypertension
  • Adrenal androgen: masculinising effect throughout the body
• Conn's syndrome


  Primary caused by aldosterone secreting tumour