EAPP 4th Quarter

• Outlining Academic Texts


  • Helps writers categorize main points
  • Organize paragraphs for consistency and sense
  • Ensure that paragraphs are fully developed
• A well-written outline

  • Has a thesis statement
  • Has the main idea for each paragraph
  • Has the evidence and supporting details for each paragraph
• Topic Outline


  • Only phrases and main ideas are used
  • Wording is parallel to one another
  • Headings and subheadings should be divided into two or more parts
• Sentence Outline


  • Sentences utilized
  • Less need for parallelism
• Parallelism


  Wording is parallel to one another in an outline
• There are two ways to outline ideas for written works: topic outline and sentence outline.
• The topic outline utilizes key words and concepts only.
• The sentence outline utilizes complete sentences to organize the ideas.
• Paraphrasing


  A restatement of a text, passage, or work and to give the meaning in another form
• Good paraphrase

  • Relays the information from the source text in your own words
  • Leads the readers to the source of the information
• When to paraphrase

  1. When dealing with short texts with one or two sentences or a paragraph with five sentences

  2. When you want to minimize direct quotation

  3. When you want to rewrite the author's words without changing the meaning of the source text
• Kinds of Paraphrasing

  • Change of parts of speech
  • Change of structure
  • Clause reduction
  • Synonym replacement
• Change of parts of speech


  The function of some words in a sentence are changed to a different part of speech
• Change of parts of speech example

  • Source: After reading a book, Lina took a break.
  • Paraphrase: Upon completing her reading, Lina decided to take a break.
• Change of structure


  The structure of the sentence is changed to reflect the writer's interpretation of the source text
• Change of structure example

  • Source: Ms. Jen will be teaching English next semester.
  • Paraphrase: Next semester, English will be taught by Ms. Jen.
• Clause reduction


  Clauses are reduced or changed to phrases to lessen confusion and interruption and make the sentence simpler
• Clause reduction example

  • Source: Although it was raining heavily, Sarah went for a walk.
  • Paraphrase: Despite the heavy rain, Sarah went for a walk.
• Synonym replacement


  It involves the change of words in the sentence with similar words or synonyms
• Synonym replacement example

  • Source: Smoking is dangerous to your health.
  • Paraphrase: Smoking is hazardous to your health.
• Plagiarism


  Claiming ownership of material that is not your own
• Kinds of plagiarism

  • Word-for-word or verbatim plagiarism
  • Word order plagiarism
  • Idea plagiarism
• Word-for-word or verbatim plagiarism


  Also known as "copy-paste plagiarism", happens when a researcher copies another person's work word-for-word or verbatim without proper citation of the author(s)
• Word-for-word or verbatim plagiarism example

  • Source: "The measure of intelligence is the ability to change." - Albert Einstein
  • Plagiarism: The measure of intelligence is the ability to change.
• Word order plagiarism


  Happens when a writer changes some of the words of the author(s) by looking at the synonyms of the words and replacing or rearranging them to make the text look as if it were their own
• Word order plagiarism example

  • Source: "The measure of intelligence is the ability to change." - Albert Einstein
  • Plagiarism: The ability to change is the measure of intelligence.
• Idea plagiarism


  Happens when a writer paraphrases the work of another in his or her own writing but does not properly cite or attribute the idea to the author(s)
• Idea plagiarism example

  • Source: "The measure of intelligence is the ability to change." - Albert Einstein
  • Plagiarism: Your ability to change says a lot about your intelligence.
• Citation

  is a way to give credit to the authors whose creative and intellectual work you used to support or supplement your own research.
• Citation

  is used to more easily locate particular sources as well as help avoid plagiarism.
• Citation style

  dictates what information is necessary to include in a citation, how that information should be organized, what punctuations are used, and other formatting concerns.
• APA citation style

  It concerns itself with a number of elements, such as a selection of headings, tone, length, citation of references, and many more.
• American Psychological Association

  APA meaning
• MLA citation style

  is most often used in the humanities.

  In MLA, the concept of containers is crucial. If the source text being used is part of a larger collection or whole, that larger collection can be thought of as the container of the source
• MLA intext

  (Santos 87).
• APA intext

  (Tan, 2013, p. 10).
• APA bibliography

  Millbower, L. (2003). Show biz training: Fun and effective business training techniques from the worlds of stage, screen, and song. Retrieved from http:/>> /www. amacombooks. org/
• MLA bibliography

  Ishiguro, Kazuo. The Buried Giant. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2015. Print.
• The Chicago style has two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.
• For Chicago and Turabian, their difference lies only in the order the information is presented in the bibliography.