UTS (FINALS)

• Learning


  Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
• Why and How people learn


  1. Connectionism

  2. Classical Conditioning

  3. Operant Conditioning

  4. Observational Learning
• Connectionism


  • Proposed by Edward Lee Thorndike
  • Claims that all learning is explained by selection and connections or bonds formed between stimuli and responses
  • Applied through the laws of learning: Law of Readiness, Law of Exercise, Law of Effect
• Law of Readiness


  • Learning occurs when the learner is physiologically and psychologically prepared
  • Doing it is satisfying when ready, not doing it is annoying when not ready
• Law of Exercise


  • Mastery learning can take place through repetitions and rehearsals
  • Review is important to easily learn new concepts, principles and rules
  • Law of Use: Frequent use strengthens connection between stimulus and response
  • Law of Disuse: Unused connection weakens over time
• Law of Effect


  Pleasant connection between stimulus and response is repeated, unpleasant connection is avoided
• Operant Conditioning


  • Punishment: Consequences that make a response less likely to happen again
  • Reinforcement: Stimulus that maintains or increases the strength of a response
• Operant Conditioning


  • Repetition of behavior or response is an indication that learning has taken place
• Rules in giving Reinforcements


  • Immediate, without delay
  • Contingent upon behavior
• Types of Reinforcement according to hierarchy


  • Primary Reinforcer (naturally rewarding)
  • Secondary Reinforcer (associated with primary reinforcer)
• Positive Reinforcement


  Stimulus presented increases chance response will be repeated
• Negative Reinforcement


  Stimulus terminated or withdrawn increases chance response will be repeated
• Positive Punishment


  Adding unpleasant response to decrease a behavior
• Negative Punishment


  Decreasing the behavior by removing something pleasant
• Observational or Social Learning


  • Proposed by Albert Bandura
  • Focuses on how humans learn through observation
  • Learning takes place but may not be immediately demonstrated in performance
• Steps in Observational Learning


  1. Attention

  2. Memory

  3. Imitation

  4. Motivation
• Factors that influence Learning


  • Motivation
  • Maturation
  • Experiences
  • Environment
  • Practice
• Short-Term Memory


  Information processed in a short period of time (12-30 seconds without rehearsal)
• Long-Term Memory


  Allows us to store information for long periods of time (relatively permanent)
• Forgetting


  Failure to properly store information for future use
• Interference Theory


  • Proactive Interference: Information learned earlier interferes with later learning
  • Retroactive Interference: Information learned later interferes with earlier learning
• How interference might work


  • Moving from US to UK, where driving is on the left side
  • Trying to use a new password instead of an old one
  • Moving from Windows to Mac operating system
  • Learning French then Spanish, French test is interfered with by Spanish
• Memory Trace Decay Theory


  • Memory Trace: Physical change in the brain when a memory is formed
  • Trace Decay: Loss of memory due to passage of time without use
• Sensation


  Process whereby sense organs receive information from external and internal environments
• Perception


  Giving meaning to the information received
• Learning


  Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
• Why and How people learn


  • Connectionism
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Observational Learning
• Connectionism


  • Proposed by Edward Lee Thorndike
  • Claims that all learning is explained by selection and connections or bonds formed between stimuli and responses
  • Applied through the laws of learning: Law of Readiness, Law of Exercise, Law of Effect
• Law of Readiness


  1. Learning occurs when the learner is physiologically and psychologically prepared

  2. Doing it is satisfying when ready, not doing it is annoying when not ready
• Law of Exercise


  1. Mastery learning can take place through repetitions and rehearsals

  2. Review is important to easily learn new concepts, principles and rules

  3. Law of Use: Frequent use strengthens connection between stimulus and response

  4. Law of Disuse: Unused connection weakens over time
• Law of Effect


  Pleasant connection between stimulus and response is repeated, unpleasant connection is avoided
• Operant Conditioning


  • Punishment - Consequences that make a response less likely to happen again
  • Reinforcement - Stimulus that maintains or increases the strength of a response
• Rules in giving Reinforcements


  1. Immediate, without delay

  2. Contingent upon behavior
• Types of Reinforcement according to hierarchy


  • Primary Reinforcer - Naturally rewarding
  • Secondary Reinforcer - Associated with primary reinforcer
• Types of Reinforcement according to presentation


  • Positive Reinforcement - Stimulus presented increases response
  • Negative Reinforcement - Stimulus terminated/withdrawn increases response
  • Punishment - Decreases behavior
• Types of Punishment according to presentation


  • Positive Punishment - Adding unpleasant response
  • Negative Punishment - Removing pleasant stimulus
• Observational or Social Learning


  • Proposed by Albert Bandura
  • Focuses on how humans learn through observation
  • Learning may not be immediately demonstrated in performance
• Steps in Observational Learning


  1. Attention

  2. Memory

  3. Imitation

  4. Motivation
• Factors that influence Learning


  • Motivation
  • Maturation
  • Experiences
  • Environment
  • Practice
• Memory


  System that senses, organizes, alters, stores & retrieves information