READING & WRITING

• Assertion


  A stylistic approach or technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or confident and positive statement regarding a belief or a fact, often without proof or any support
• Assertion


  An honest and appropriate expression of one's feelings, opinions, and needs
• Assertion


  A way to convince a critical reader to accept the writer's claim
• Assertion


  Declarative sentences that claim something is true about something else, which may either be statements of truths or opinions
• Tiongson's Types of Assertion

  • Statement of Fact
  • Statement of Opinion
  • Statement of Convention
  • Statement of Preference
• Statement of Fact


  A statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research
• Statement of Opinion


  Opinions are based on facts, but are difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness
• Statement of Convention


  A way in which something is done similar
• Statement of Preference


  Preferences are based on personal choice, therefore they are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked
• Textual Evidence


  Details given by the author in order to support his/her claims, revealing the position of the writer and making the reading more interesting
• Examples of Textual Evidence

  • Facts and Statistics
  • Opinion from Expert
  • Personal Anecdotes
• Textual Evidence


  Details that strengthen, add variety or weight to any argument
• Paraphrasing


  Restatement of a text using your own words
• Summarizing


  Stating the text in a shorter way without missing the relevant details to support the idea
• Referencing


  Mentioning a specific section in the text
• Quoting


  Directly restating a part of the text
• Argument


  Claims backed by reasons that are supported by evidence
• Argumentation


  A social process of two or more people making arguments, responding to one another not simply restating the same claims and reasons, and modifying or defending their positions accordingly
• Purpose of an Argument

  To convince and persuade
• 4 Elements in an Argument

  • Claim
  • Counterclaim
  • Reason
  • Evidence
• Claim


  The main argument, the main thesis statement, the position being taken in the argument
• 3 Types of Claims

  • Claims of Fact
  • Claims of Value
  • Claims of Policy
• Counterclaim


  The opposite of the claim, a statement that contradicts one's claim and is usually proven and supported by both reasons and evidence
• Academic Writing


  A type of writing produced by students and professionals in academic setting, with the main purpose to inform and persuade, not to entertain
• Academic Writing


  • Formal and unbiased
  • Clear and precise
  • Focused and well-structured
  • Well sourced
  • Correct and consistent
• Academic Writing


  Not personal, not long-winded, not emotive and grandiose
• Professional Writing


  Any type of written communication done specifically in a professional but non-academic context, often applied in business and technical writing
• Professional Writing


  • Main purpose is to inform and persuade
  • Uses business English and a more personal tone
  • Addresses a particular need, follows a standard structure and format, conveys business and technical content to specific audience
  • Objective, unemotional, accurate, concise, and straightforward
  • Does not require great number of citations
• Types of Professional Writing

  • Memo
  • Business Letter
  • Resume
• Components of Academic and Professional Writing

  • Context
  • Message
  • Language
  • Purpose
  • Audience
  • Product
• Literature Review


  Identifies, evaluates and synthesizes the relevant literature within a particular field of research
• Why Write a Literature Review

  • Give a convenient guide to a particular topic
  • Can provide an overview or summary if there's a limited time to conduct research
  • Analyze, synthesize and critically evaluate information to give a clear picture of the subject
• How to Write a Literature Review

  • Search for relevant literature
  • Evaluate Sources
  • Identify themes, debates, and gaps
  • Outline the structure
  • Write your literature review
• LITERATURE - Any collection of materials on a topic, not necessarily the great literary texts of the world.
• Search for relevant literature - Clearly define your topic. Choose a focus and develop a central question to direct your search.
• Evaluate Sources - Make sure the sources you use are credible.
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps - Understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read.
• Outline the structure

  • Chronological
  • Thematic
  • Methodological
  • Theoretical
• Write your literature review

  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion/Recommendation