English finals

• Research


  A careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern or issue using the scientific method
• Research

  • ORGANIZED - There is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.
  • SYSTEMATIC - There is a definite set of procedure and steps which you will follow.
• Finding answers


  It is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple question, research is successful when we find answers.
• Question


  It is the central to research. Research is focus on RELEVANT, USEFUL and IMPORTANT QUESTION. Without a question, research has NO FOCUS, DRIVE OR PURPOSE.
• Research paper


  A piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, and an argument based on in-depth independent research.
• Abstract


  A short summary of your completed research. Intended to describe your work without going into detail. Should be self-contained and concise, explaining your work as briefly and clearly as possible.
• Introduction


  • It leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context and significance of the research being conducted by: Summarizing current and background information about the topic, Stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of question, Explaining briefly the methodological approach used to examine the research problem, Highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal, Outlining the main structure and organizing the paper.
• Literature review


  Provides an overview of sources you have explored including books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular area of research, or theory to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study. Provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research.
• Hypothesis


  A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research. Commonly known as the researchers intellectual guess or wild guess about the possible result of the study.
• Methodology


  • The systematic method to resolve a research problem through data gathering using various techniques, providing an interpretation of data gathered, and drawing conclusions about the research data. Aim: To ensure valid and reliable results that address the research aims and objectives. Includes: What data to collect (and what data to ignore), Who to collect it from (sampling design), How to collect it (data collection methods), How to analyze it (data analysis methods).
• Population


  The entire group you want to draw conclusions about. It doesn't always refer to people. It can mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
• Sample


  A smaller part or subgroup of the population. The specific group within a population that you will collect data from. The group of individuals who will participate in your study. They are the ones who will answer surveys interviews.
• Reasons for sampling

  • Necessity
  • Practicality
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Manageability
• Respondents/Participants/Subjects


  The individuals who provide data for a research study.
• Variable


  Any factor, trait, or condition that can be manipulated, controlled for or measured in an experiment.
• Types of variables

  • Independent - The variable in an experiment that is changed or manipulated. Assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable.
  • Dependent - The variable that responds to the changes. The variable that is being tested and measured. "Dependent" on the independent variable.
• Research instrument


  Any tool that you may use to collect or obtain data, measure data, and analyze data that is relevant to the subject of your research. Formats may consist of: Questionnaires, Surveys, Interviews, Checklists, Simple tests.
• Good research instrument


  • Has been validated and has proven reliability, Must be able to assist in answering the research aims, objectives and research questions as well as prove or disprove the hypothesis of the study, Should not have any bias in the way that the data is correct and it should be clear as to how the research instrument should be used appropriately.
• Questionnaire


  The main instrument for collecting data in survey research. It is a set of standardized questions often called items, which follow a fixed scheme in order to collect individual data about one or more specific topic.
• Data


  Any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to validate original research findings.
• Results


  The section of a research paper where the authors provide the data collected during their study. It is also called as "findings".
• Discussion


  • The section of a research whose purpose is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in light of what was already known about the research problem being investigated. Objectives: Reiterate the research problems/state the major findings, Explain the meaning of the findings and why they are important, Relate the findings to similar studies, Consider alternative explanations of the findings, Acknowledge the study's limitations, Make suggestion for further research.
• Conclusion


  Intended to help the readers understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. Not merely a summary of your points or a restatement of your research problem but a synthesis of key points. Key goals: Restate the research problem addresses in the paper, Summarize your overall arguments or findings, Suggest the key takeaways from your paper.
• References


  The last page of a research paper that list all the sources you used in your study. It gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas.
• Appendix


  It serves as a space for materials that help clarify your research, but do not belong in the main text. This is where the researchers attached a copy of their research instrument such a interview transcript, questionnaires, or surveys.
• Parts of a concept paper

  • Title page - Research title, Name of school, Date of submission
  • Background of the study - Current state of the field, Reasons for the study, Practical implications
  • Preliminary literature - Theoretical framework, Related studies, Synthesis of reviewed literature
  • Statement of the problem - General problem, Specific research question/objective
  • Abridged methodology - Context and participation, Instruments, Data collection, Data analysis
  • Timeline - Time frame in months and years
  • References - List of books, journals, and other resources
  • Curriculum vitae - Course of one's life